A Direct Brain-to-Brain Interface in Humans

Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Stocco, Andrea; Bryan, Matthew; Sarma, D. D.; Youngquist, Tiffany M.; Wu, Jian; Prat, Chantel S.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111332

Cited by 147 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Learned modulation of activity in specific brain regions, connections and patterns can lead to specific behavioural changes. Technological developments on the horizon [153][154][155][156][157] will accelerate neurofeedback experimentation even further. Much remains to be investigated, including the integration of the vast knowledge of training and learning psychology into neurofeedback protocols (BOXES 3,4), the long-term impact of neurofeedback on neuroplasticity and behaviour, and its positive and negative side effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback

et al. 2016

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback

et al. 2016

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“…But in a university research laboratory, University of Washington researchers have created a system that represents a noninvasive human-to-human brain interface, allowing one person to send a brain signal via the Internet to control the hand motions of another person at a different location [52]. The system uses electrical brain recordings and a form of magnetic stimulation, in which one person wearing a cap with electrodes is hooked up to an electroencephalography machine (which reads electrical activity in the brain) that sends a signal to another person with a cap equipped with the stimulation site for a transcranial magnetic stimulation coil which is placed directly over the person's left motor cortex, (which controls hand movement).…”

Section: Enhancements Thought Control and Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyborgs and Enhancement Technology

Barfield

Williams

2017

Philosophies

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As we move deeper into the twenty-first century there is a major trend to enhance the body with "cyborg technology". In fact, due to medical necessity, there are currently millions of people worldwide equipped with prosthetic devices to restore lost functions, and there is a growing DIY movement to self-enhance the body to create new senses or to enhance current senses to "beyond normal" levels of performance. From prosthetic limbs, artificial heart pacers and defibrillators, implants creating brain-computer interfaces, cochlear implants, retinal prosthesis, magnets as implants, exoskeletons, and a host of other enhancement technologies, the human body is becoming more mechanical and computational and thus less biological. This trend will continue to accelerate as the body becomes transformed into an information processing technology, which ultimately will challenge one's sense of identity and what it means to be human. This paper reviews "cyborg enhancement technologies", with an emphasis placed on technological enhancements to the brain and the creation of new senses-the benefits of which may allow information to be directly implanted into the brain, memories to be edited, wireless brain-to-brain (i.e., thought-to-thought) communication, and a broad range of sensory information to be explored and experienced. The paper concludes with musings on the future direction of cyborgs and the meaning and implications of becoming more cyborg and less human in an age of rapid advances in the design and use of computing technologies.Keywords: cyborg; enhancement technology; prosthesis; brain-computer interface; new senses; identity Cyborgs and ProsthesesThe human body is in the process of experiencing a rapid transformation from a completely biological entity created based on instructions provided by human DNA to a body becoming far more "computational and technological" [1]. While this paper focuses on the theme of "human" enhancement technology, we also review some computational enhancements to animal subjects because such studies provide examples of the future direction of enhancement technology and in some cases these very technologies will be implemented into the human body and likely within one or two decades. Generally, body-worn and implantable technology serves to identify cyborgs as a constellation within which the identities of the members of cyborg groups "negotiate" their individual significance. We describe "cyborg culture" or "cyborg being" as a particular way of life, or set of beliefs, which expresses certain meanings in the context of cyborg technologies; particularly in the case of many self-imposed cyborgs that "way of life" is to become transhuman [2,3]. Broderick describes a transhuman as a person who explores all available and future methods for self enhancement that eventually leads toward the radical change of posthuman-which is to ultimately become nearly unlimited in physical and psychological capability (i.e., to go beyond human) [4].Using a semiotic framework, cyborg enhancement tech...

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“…The "receiver" could not see the game, but the stimulation he/she received was causing a quick movement of his right hand, enabling him/her to press a touchpad, in order to fire the cannon. The two participants were remotely located and had no communication with each other, apart from the BBI [15].…”

Section: In Computer and Serious Gamesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hypothesis of Brain-to-Brain Coupling in Interactive New Media Art and Games Using Brain-Computer Interfaces

Zioga

Chapman

et al. 2015

Serious Games

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Abstract.Interactive new media art and games belong to distinctive fields, but nevertheless share common grounds, tools, methodologies, challenges, and goals, such as the use of applications and devices for engaging multiple participants and players, and more recently electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). At the same time, an increasing number of new neuroscientific studies explore the phenomenon of brain-tobrain coupling, the dynamics and processes of the interaction and synchronisation between multiple subjects and their brain activity. In this context, we discuss interactive works of new media art, computer and serious games that involve the interaction of the brain-activity, and hypothetically brain-to-brain coupling, between multiple performer/s, spectator/s, or participants/players. We also present Enheduanna -A Manifesto of Falling (2015), a new live brain-computer cinema performance, with the use of an experimental passive multi-brain BCI system under development. The aim is to explore brain-to-brain coupling between performer/s and spectator/s as means of controlling the audio-visual creative outputs.

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A Direct Brain-to-Brain Interface in Humans

Cited by 147 publications

References 22 publications

Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback

Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback

Cyborgs and Enhancement Technology

A Hypothesis of Brain-to-Brain Coupling in Interactive New Media Art and Games Using Brain-Computer Interfaces

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