A dual strategy for deliberate social change in cities

Third World Cities: Housing, Infrastructure and Servicing

“…I would be more convinced if the vacuum were being filled by charities or non-governmental organisations of a cooperative kind. This would seem to be a less problematic development and one in keeping with the praise being heaped on such organisations in so much of the literature (Annis, 1987 ;UNCHS, 1988 ;Coulomb and Duhau, 1989 ;Hardoy and Satterthwaite, 1989 ;Perlman, 1990 ;Yeung, 1990) . Otherwise, it is likely to be the better-off who are provided with services and the poor who lose out (Stren and White, 1989).…”

Forecasting urban sprawl in Dhaka city of Bangladesh

“…However, more than 293 cities have reached such population amounts within the developing world. The growth rate of these cities counted tenfold between 1950and 1990. Cohen (2006, states that 50% of world population is now living in the cities, whereas it was only 3% in 1800.…”

“…Indeed, the resultant patterns from these trends differ significantly between the developed and developing countries according to varying factors, such as demographics, level of economic development and political structure. Yet, there are also many significant similarities among the underlying dynamics that shape these patterns (Perlman, 1990;Myllyla, 2001). Among the various factors that both derive from and are profoundly affected by these dynamics is the evolving urban spatial structure within which they operate (Knox, 1995;Cadwallader, 1996;Haack et al, 1997;Clarke and Couclelis, 1999;Collins et al, 2000).…”

“…The latter refers to the internal modifications that happen to the urban fabric as some of its existing elements deteriorate and new ones are introduced (Knox, 1995). In large cities, particularly in developing countries, the pace of internal morphological change tends to be much slower in comparison to the rapid change resulting from the outward extension of the city (Perlman, 1990;Knox, 1995;Bayat and Denis, 2000;Myllyla, 2001). Using Cairo as an example, Malik (1989) showed how the old city, previously inhabited by influential citizens, has now been left with a marginal economic and political influence, as those who could afford to move out have done so (Malik, 1989).…”

Associational Life in African Cities: Popular Responses to the Urban Crisis

“…There is no previous knowledge or tradition for coping with very large cities in these regions (Perlman, 1990). It is evident that urban knowledge has to develop from more equal partnerships between different actors at various levels of society.…”