A Dynamic Apparatus for Preparing Air-Vapor Mixtures of Known Concentrations

Scherberger, Richard F.; Happ, G. P.; Miller, Franklin A.; Fassett, David W.

doi:10.1080/00028895809343646

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It is found that the gas leakage is observed with a maximum ethanol concentration reaching up to 255 ppm at the heating temperature and distance between the OG and ethanol sensor of 55 °C and 0 cm, respectively. The leaked ethanol concentration (255 ppm) is slightly lower than the human minimum identifiable odor level (350 ppm) 24 , indicating that although the leaked alcohol concentration can be perceived by humans, it cannot be identified by humans due to the low concentration. When the distance between the OG and sensor is set at 1.5 cm, the leaked ethanol concentration ranges from 49 ppm to 62 ppm, which is out of human perception range, where the ethanol concentration at the distance of 1.5 cm during the odor-releasing status could reach up to 1491 ppm (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Intelligent wearable olfactory interface for latency-free mixed reality and fast olfactory enhancement

Liu,

Jia,

Yiu

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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Olfaction feedback systems could be utilized to stimulate human emotion, increase alertness, provide clinical therapy, and establish immersive virtual environments. Currently, the reported olfaction feedback technologies still face a host of formidable challenges, including human perceivable delay in odor manipulation, unwieldy dimensions, and limited number of odor supplies. Herein, we report a general strategy to solve these problems, which associates with a wearable, high-performance olfactory interface based on miniaturized odor generators (OGs) with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. The OGs serve as the core technology of the intelligent olfactory interface, which exhibit milestone advances in millisecond-level response time, milliwatt-scale power consumption, and the miniaturized size. Empowered by robust AI algorithms, the olfactory interface shows its great potentials in latency-free mixed reality (MR) and fast olfaction enhancement, thereby establishing a bridge between electronics and users for broad applications ranging from entertainment, to education, to medical treatment, and to human machine interfaces.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Intelligent wearable olfactory interface for latency-free mixed reality and fast olfactory enhancement

Liu,

Jia,

Yiu

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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“…Acetaldehyde accumulates when its rate of formation is greater than its conversion by alcohol dehydrogenase during yeast metabolism, into ethanol. Ethanol was present at a high concentration, but it also has a very high minimum threshold of detection, around 350,000 ppb (Scherberger et al., 1958), which is much greater than the concentration of the volatile in the headspace. Alcoholic flavor is often considered to be the signature taste of kefir (Wang et al., 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of undesirable volatile aroma compounds in kefir by freeze drying and vacuum evaporation

Kesler,

González‐Orozco,

Barringer

et al. 2023

Journal of Food Science

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Commercial kefir was recently found to be effective in curing recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection when consumed alongside antibiotic treatment. However, kefir products have limited acceptance among Western consumers due to their characteristic flavor and texture. Plain, unsweetened commercial kefir with 1% milkfat was subjected to vacuum evaporation and freeze‐drying processes to assess the effect on volatile organic compound concentration, sensory quality, and microbial viability. Vacuum evaporation and freeze‐drying both significantly decreased the concentration of 26 out of 27 volatiles in the kefir (p < 0.05), by an average of 61%. Vacuum evaporation exhibited an apparent greater reduction than freeze‐drying in the concentrations of the ketones and aldehydes, while freeze‐drying showed a more noticeable reduction in the concentrations of the acids, alcohols, and esters. While lowering the concentration of volatiles did not significantly improve the average consumer acceptance of commercial kefir, both treatments showed differences in the range of acceptability responses. Both treatments also produced a small but significant reduction in the concentrations of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus species present.

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“…In addition, the odor threshold for isopropanol is well below the TLV and PEL and has been reported to be in the range of 20-200 ppm. 21 Eye, nose and throat irritation has been reported in human subjects exposed to 200-800 ppm, with those subjects reporting objectionable irritation at 800 ppm. 22 With the current limits for worker exposure and the good warning properties of isopropanol, the motor activity effects observed in this study are not believed to indicate a potential health risk to workers exposed occupationally or to consumers of products containing isopropanol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor activity effects in female Fischer 344 rats exposed to isopropanol for 90 days

Burleigh-Flayer¹,

Gill²,

Hurley³

et al. 1998

J. Appl. Toxicol.

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In a previous subchronic neurotoxicity study, increases in motor activity were observed for female rats after 9 and 13 weeks of exposure to 5000 ppm of isopropanol vapor.1 The present study was conducted to evaluate the reproducibility of these effects and, if reproducible, to assess the potential for reversibility following cessation of exposure. Two groups, each containing 30 female Fischer 344 rats, were exposed to concentrations of zero (control) and 5000 ppm of isopropanol vapor for 6 h per day, 5 days per week. Fifteen of the animals in the control and 5000 ppm groups were exposed for 9 weeks (designated as the 9‐week subgroup), while the other 15 animals in each group were exposed for 13 weeks (designated as the 13‐week subgroup). Motor activity was assessed for both subgroups prior to exposure and following 4, 7 and 9 weeks of exposure. Motor activity was also measured for rats in the 13‐week subgroup following 11 and 13 weeks of exposure. These motor activity measurements were made 18–20 h following the end of the last exposure for that week. In addition, to evaluate the reversibility of motor activity effects, measurements were made on three occasions during the week following the final exposure for rats in both the 9‐week and 13‐week subgroups and weekly thereafter for five additional weeks for rats in the 13‐week subgroup. Increases in cumulative test session motor activity counts were observed following 4, 7 and 9 weeks of exposure for rats in the 9‐week subgroup. Increases in cumulative test session motor activity counts were also observed following 4, 7, 9, 11 and 13 weeks of exposure for rats in the 13‐week subgroup. Reversibility of this effect was observed for rats in the 9‐week subgroup within 2 days following the last exposure. Reversibility was also noted for rats in the 13‐week subgroup but not until Study Week 15 (2 weeks following the last exposure). Minor changes were observed in the shape of the motor activity habituation curves for isopropanol‐exposed animals in the 9‐week and 13‐week subgroups at ca. 50% of the measurement intervals beginning at Study Week 4. While most of these statistical changes were observed in conjunction with increases in cumulative test session motor activity, some were observed following time points where recovery of the cumulative test session motor activity counts had occurred. No change in the shape of the motor activity habituation curve was observed at 42 days following the last exposure, indicating that complete recovery of motor activity effects had occurred. Thus, repeated exposure of female rats to 5000 ppm of isopropanol produced reversible increases in motor activity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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A Dynamic Apparatus for Preparing Air-Vapor Mixtures of Known Concentrations

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Intelligent wearable olfactory interface for latency-free mixed reality and fast olfactory enhancement

Intelligent wearable olfactory interface for latency-free mixed reality and fast olfactory enhancement

Mitigation of undesirable volatile aroma compounds in kefir by freeze drying and vacuum evaporation

Motor activity effects in female Fischer 344 rats exposed to isopropanol for 90 days

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