A first report on prevalence of caprine theileriosis and its association with host biomarkers in Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Ullah, Naimat; Durrani, Aneela Zameer; Avais, Muhammad; Ahmad, Nisar; Ullah, Sana; Ullah, Sana; Khan, Mumtaz Ali; Ikram-ul-Haq,; Khan, Noor

doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.01.004

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A study of the rangeland grazed goats showed that the serum creatinine level varies with certain roughages available in wet and dry grazing periods [ 41 ]. These observations were also confirmed by Ullah et al [ 42 ] who reported disturbed liver and kidney function markers in Pakistani goats infected with T . ovis .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Seasonality, epidemiology and phylogeny of Theileria ovis with a note on hematological and biochemical changes in asymptomatic infected goats from Pakistan

Irfan,

Chang,

Iqbal

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Caprine theileriosis, caused by Theileria ovis is a serious production issue, especially in the areas that depend on goats and sheep for milk, meat, and other economic benefits. Pakistan has a large goat population, but few reports have been documented from this country regarding PCR-based detection of T. ovis. The molecular prevalence of T. ovis, on a seasonal basis, in various goat breeds enrolled from Muzaffar Garh district of Punjab in Pakistan was determined from October 2018 to September 2019. In this study, 1084 goat blood samples were screened for the detection of T. ovis DNA through PCR-based amplification of 18S rRNA gene. Out of 1084 goats, 12 (1.11%) were infected with T. ovis. The parasite prevalence varied with the sampling seasons (Chi square test, P = 0.008), and the parasite prevalence was highest in goat blood samples collected in summer (2.39%) followed by winter (1.88%). DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis confirmed the presence of T. ovis, and the amplified isolates from the 18S rRNA gene of T. ovis were found to be highly conserved during phylogenetic analysis. Young goats (Fischer exact test, P = 0.022) were found more infected with T. ovis during the winter season. Infected goats had elevated white blood cell counts (Two-sample t-test, P = 0.04), blood urea nitrogen to Creatinine ratio (Two-sample t-test, P = 0.02) and decreased serum Creatinine (Two-sample t-test, P = 0.001) as compared to T. ovis negative goats. We report a relatively low molecular prevalence of T. ovis in goats from the Muzaffar Garh district. However, it is recommended that control measures to eradicate T. ovis infection in goats in this area should be taken.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Seasonality, epidemiology and phylogeny of Theileria ovis with a note on hematological and biochemical changes in asymptomatic infected goats from Pakistan

Irfan,

Chang,

Iqbal

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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“…Theileriosis is the most studied TBD of small ruminants in Pakistan, with 20 investigations in vertebrate animals [ 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 54 , 57 , 88 , 89 , 107 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 ] and three in ticks [ 22 , 27 , 86 ] from Punjab ( n = 11), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( n = 10), the Islamabad Capital Territory ( n = 1) and Balochistan ( n = 1) (see Table 5 ). The most frequently reported Theileria species are T. ovis and T. lestoquardi ; whereas, a recent study also reported T. luwenshuni, Theileria sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, a few studies have used serological (ELISA, indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) and CFT) and molecular methods (cPCR, qPCR, nPCR and microfluidic real-time PCR); however, the sequencing of PCR amplicons has rarely been performed, thereby no detailed information is available on the genetic diversity of TBPs in small ruminants from Pakistan. Moreover, a number of studies also investigated changes in the haematological profiles of animals infected with TBPs and reported a decrease in haemoglobin and packed cell volume associated with anaplasmosis, babesiosis and theileriosis [ 30 , 31 , 87 , 106 , 133 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ] and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) ( Anaplasma , Babesia and Theileria spp.) in small ruminants from various parts of Pakistan [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Recently, using a high-throughput microfluidic technique, a broad spectrum of microorganisms in ticks collected from sheep and goats in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan were reported [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDis) are a major constraint to the health and production of small ruminants in Pakistan. Despite being the subject of intermittent studies over the past few decades, comprehensive information on the epidemiology and control of TTBDis is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the current knowledge on TTBDis of small ruminants in Pakistan. Critical appraisal of the selected 71 articles published between 1947 to 2020 revealed that morphological examination had been the most widely used method for the identification of TTBDis in Pakistan. Tick fauna comprise at least 40 species, mainly belonging to Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The prevalence of ticks is the highest in summer (June–September) and it is also higher in goats than sheep. Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria spp. are the major tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), and their prevalence is usually higher in sheep than goats. Spatio-temporal distribution, genetic diversity and control of ticks and TBPs of small ruminants as well as the competence of tick vectors for various TBPs remain to be explored. Therefore, coordinated and focused investigations are required to fill knowledge gaps in these areas to maximise the health, production and welfare of small ruminants and minimise economic losses associated with TTBDis in Pakistan.

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“…The higher rates of tick infestation observed in the summer are likely due to the combination of increased moisture and higher temperature [ 48 , 60 ]. Previous studies have shown peak infestation rates occurring in the summer [ 57 , 61 , 62 ] or during other seasons [ 63 , 64 ] depending on local climatic and environmental conditions, such as humidity, temperature, and host animal availability [ 65 , 66 , 67 ]. As large-bodied ticks, Hyalomma is generally more resistant to desiccation and some species, such as H. dromedarii , are well adapted to living in dry, even desert habitats [ 68 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan

Khan

Ahmed

Afzal

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Ticks are ectoparasites that transmit a variety of pathogens that cause many diseases in livestock which can result in skin damage, weight loss, anemia, reduced production of meat and milk, and mortality. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify tick species and the distribution on livestock hosts (sheep, goat, dairy cattle, and buffalo) of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and Islamabad from October 2019 to November 2020. Materials and Methods: Surveillance was performed to calculate the prevalence of ticks on livestock. Tick prevalence data (area, host, breed, gender, age, and seasonal infestation rate) was recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 2080 animals were examined from selected farms, and, of these, 1129 animals were tick-infested. A total of 1010 male tick samples were identified to species using published keys. Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemaphysalis sulcata, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma rufipes, Rhipicephalus decoloratus Rhipicephalus microplus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus were collected from goats, sheep, buffalo, and cattle. The overall rates of tick infestation on livestock were 34.83% (buffalo), 57.11% (cattle), 51.97% (sheep) and 46.94% (goats). Within each species, different breeds demonstrated different proportions of infestation. For cattle breeds, infestation proportions were as follows: Dhanni (98.73%), Jersey (70.84%) and the Australian breed of cattle (81.81%). The Neeli Ravi breed (40%) of buffalo and the Beetal breed (57.35%) of goats were the most highly infested for these species. Seasonally, the highest prevalence of infestation (76.78%) was observed in summer followed by 70.76% in spring, 45.29% in autumn, and 20% in winter. The prevalence of tick infestation in animals also varied by animal age. In goats, animals aged 4–6 years showed the highest prevalence (90%), but in cattle, the prevalence of ticks was highest (68.75%) in 6 months–1-year-old animals. 1–3 years old buffalo (41.07%) and 6 months–1 year sheep (65.78%) had the highest prevalence rate. Females had significantly higher infestation rates (61.12%, 55.56% and 49.26%, respectively) in cattle, sheep, and goats. In buffalo, males showed a higher prevalence (38.46%) rate. Conclusions: This study showed tick diversity, infestation rate, and numerous factors (season, age, and gender of host) influencing tick infestation rate in different breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and buffalo in Punjab Province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, and Islamabad, Pakistan. Higher tick burdens and rates of tick-borne disease reduce production and productivity in animals. Understanding tick species’ prevalence and distribution will help to develop informed control measures.

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A first report on prevalence of caprine theileriosis and its association with host biomarkers in Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Seasonality, epidemiology and phylogeny of Theileria ovis with a note on hematological and biochemical changes in asymptomatic infected goats from Pakistan

Seasonality, epidemiology and phylogeny of Theileria ovis with a note on hematological and biochemical changes in asymptomatic infected goats from Pakistan

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan

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