A framework to analyse gender bias in epidemiological research

Ruiz-Cantero, María Teresa; Vives‐Cases, Carmen; Artazcoz, Lucı́a; Delgado, Ana; Calvente, María del Mar García; Miqueo, Consuelo Miqueo; Montero, Isabel; Ortiz, Rocı́o; Ronda, Elena; Ruíz, Isabel; Valls, Carme

doi:10.1136/jech.2007.062034

Cited by 92 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Delay in diagnosis of SpA has been described in women 5,9,10 and in both sexes 6,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16]20,26,27,29,30,32,33,35,38,39,40,44,45,46 , and although Bandinelli 23 observed less diagnostic delay in women than in men, in most of the papers where delay was compared between men and women, it was greater in women 8,17,18,19,21,22,28,31,34,37,41,42,43,47,48 . This implies that patients have had medically unsolved disorders for a long time, have continued searching for a diagnosis and treatment, or are being erroneously diagnosed and managed 49 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This implies that patients have had medically unsolved disorders for a long time, have continued searching for a diagnosis and treatment, or are being erroneously diagnosed and managed 49 . One possible explanation is that dorsal/lumbar pain is a frequent symptom occurring in various conditions, and is one of the most common symptoms attributable to 6 The 1 2, 3, 6a), 14a), 14b), 15, 18, 20, 22 low STROBE: Strengthening The Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology. Score quality: low quality < 50%; medium: 50% ≥ scoring < 70%; high: 70% ≥ scoring < 90%; excellent ≥ 90%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding juvenile arthritis, we offer data together with adult onset; although there are some papers that include juvenile onset, only 6 of them 6,22,30,39,40,44 offer diagnostic delay disaggregated between juvenile and adult onset of disease. About excluding patients with PsA, there is 1 study 37 in this review in which some patients in the sample may have this disease.…”

Section: Journal Of Rheumatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that there is a systematic sex bias in healthcare, partially related to biased research hypotheses and/or methods due to insensitivity to sex 6 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, for research purposes, it is useful to define sex bias as a systematic wrong approach regarding sex insensitivity that incorrectly considers women and men as similar in the natural history of disease 6 . Sex bias in SpA is an interesting area to study 8 because of the longer diagnosis delay in women and the causes of that delay.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding How the Diagnostic Delay of Spondyloarthritis Differs Between Women and Men: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

Jovaní

Blasco-Blasco²,

Ruiz-Cantero³

et al. 2016

J Rheumatol

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Objective.To identify empirical evidence of diagnostic delay in spondyloarthritis (SpA), determine whether sex-related differences persist, and conduct an analysis from that perspective of the possible causes, including the influence of quality research, in this group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases.Methods.A systematic review was done of delay in diagnosis of SpA in MEDLINE and EMBASE and other sources. Study quality was determined in line with the Strengthening The Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. A metaanalysis of 13 papers reporting sex-disaggregated data was performed to evaluate sex-related differences in diagnostic delay. The global effect of diagnostic delay by sex was calculated using means difference (D) through a fixed effects model.Results.The review included 23,883 patients (32.3% women) from 42 papers. No significant differences between the sexes were detected for symptoms at disease onset or during evolution. However, the mean for delay in diagnosis of SpA showed sex-related differences, being 8.8 years (7.4–10.1) for women and 6.5 (5.6–7.4) for men (p = 0.01). Only 40% of papers had high quality. A metaanalysis included 12,073 participants (31.2% women). The mean global effect was D = 0.6 years (0.31–0.89), indicating that men were diagnosed 0.6 year (7 months) before women.Conclusion.Delay in diagnosis of SpA persists, and is longer in women than in men. There are no significant sex-related differences in symptoms that could explain sex-related differences in diagnostic delay. Methodological and possible publication bias could result in sex-biased medical practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Journal Of Rheumatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that there is a systematic sex bias in healthcare, partially related to biased research hypotheses and/or methods due to insensitivity to sex 6 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Understanding How the Diagnostic Delay of Spondyloarthritis Differs Between Women and Men: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

Jovaní

Blasco-Blasco²,

Ruiz-Cantero³

et al. 2016

J Rheumatol

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Gender Bias in Research

Upchurch

2016

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies

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Gender bias in research results from androcentrism, gender insensitivity, and double standards concerning appropriate behaviors and social roles for females and males. Historically, males and their actions and artifacts have been overrepresented as subjects of research in the social and natural sciences. Findings derived from research on male samples have been generalized to the population as a whole, sometimes resulting in the development of social policies beneficial to males but detrimental to females or the use of medical treatments that are ineffective or harmful to females. Corrections to gender bias include recruitment of more females both as researchers and as research participants, separate statistical analyses of data derived from females and males, careful attention to the language and metaphors used in research, and identification and elimination of double standards in the interpretation and application of results.

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Gender Bias in Research

Upchurch¹

2020

Companion to Women's and Gender Studies

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A framework to analyse gender bias in epidemiological research

Cited by 92 publications

References 45 publications

Understanding How the Diagnostic Delay of Spondyloarthritis Differs Between Women and Men: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

Understanding How the Diagnostic Delay of Spondyloarthritis Differs Between Women and Men: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

Gender Bias in Research

Gender Bias in Research

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