“…By integrating the value chain and enabling information transparency, Industry 4.0 facilitates smartness, including the smart factory (Radziwon et al ., 2014; Wang et al ., 2016), the smart supply chain (Wu et al ., 2016) and the smart product (Nunes et al ., 2017; Salkin et al ., 2018). Through real-time information on production elements, smart capabilities enhance autonomy, flexibility, decision-making and productivity (Alani and Alloghani, 2019; Barreto et al ., 2017; Cortés Serrano et al ., 2018).…”