A free‐air enrichment system for exposing tall forest vegetation to elevated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>

Hendrey, George R.; Ellsworth, David S.; Lewin, Keith F.; Nagy, J.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00228.x

Cited by 378 publications

(312 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…FACE is not without limitations (McLeod & Long 1999 (Nagy et al 1992;Hendrey et al 1999). An important issue is whether these fluctuations are perceived by the plant, and in particular whether they affect net CO 2 exchange.…”

Section: Free-air Concentration Enrichmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields

Long

Ainsworth

Leakey

et al. 2005

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

249

149

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Predictions of yield for the globe's major grain and legume arable crops suggest that, with a moderate temperature increase, production may increase in the temperate zone, but decline in the tropics. In total, global food supply may show little change. This security comes from inclusion of the direct effect of rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration, [CO 2 ], which significantly stimulates yield by decreasing photorespiration in C 3 crops and transpiration in all crops. Evidence for a large response to [CO 2 ] is largely based on studies made within chambers at small scales, which would be considered unacceptable for standard agronomic trials of new cultivars or agrochemicals. Yet, predictions of the globe's future food security are based on such inadequate information. Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) technology now allows investigation of the effects of rising [CO 2 ] and ozone on field crops under fully open-air conditions at an agronomic scale. Experiments with rice, wheat, maize and soybean show smaller increases in yield than anticipated from studies in chambers. Experiments with increased ozone show large yield losses (20%), which are not accounted for in projections of global food security. These findings suggest that current projections of global food security are overoptimistic. The fertilization effect of CO 2 is less than that used in many models, while rising ozone will cause large yield losses in the Northern Hemisphere. Unfortunately, FACE studies have been limited in geographical extent and interactive effects of CO 2 , ozone and temperature have yet to be studied. Without more extensive study of the effects of these changes at an agronomic scale in the open air, our ever-more sophisticated models will continue to have feet of clay.

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Section: Free-air Concentration Enrichmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields

Long

Ainsworth

Leakey

et al. 2005

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

249

149

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“…Can we design ways to monitor calcification and dissolution rates within reef-building organisms and within coral communities as a whole? And if so, can we find ways to effectively manipulate the carbonate chemistry on a coral reef similarly to the efforts in the terrestrial environment (e.g., Free Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) [Hendrey et al, [1999])? These observational gaps exist for a good reason.…”

Section: Field Measurements Of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Calcimentioning

confidence: 99%

Coral reefs and changing seawater carbonate chemistry

Kleypas¹,

Langdon²

2006

Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management

151

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Seawater carbonate chemistry of the mixed layer of the oceans is changing rapidly in response to increases in atmospheric CO 2 . The formation and dissolution of calcium carbonate is now known to be strongly affected by these changes, but many questions remain about other controls on biocalcification and inorganic cementation that confound our attempts to make accurate predictions about the effects on both coral reef organisms and reefs themselves. This chapter overviews the current knowledge of the relationship between seawater carbonate chemistry and coral reef calcification, identifies the hurdles in our understanding of the two, and presents a strategy for overcoming those hurdles.

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“…However, an increase in belowground biomass greater than the increase in aboveground biomass is often found (Norby et al, 2002;Lukac et al, 2003). To investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on whole ecosystems, Free Air Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Enrichment (FACE) systems have been developed (Hendrey et al, 1999;Miglietta et al, 2001). FACE systems are almost unanimously considered to be the best systems to expose ecosystems to elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations with minimal alteration of the ambient environment (Miglietta et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycorrhizal Hyphal Turnover as a Dominant Process for Carbon Input into Soil Organic Matter

et al. 2006

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The atmospheric concentration of CO 2 is predicted to reach double current levels by 2075. Detritus from aboveground and belowground plant parts constitutes the primary source of C for soil organic matter (SOM), and accumulation of SOM in forests may provide a significant mechanism to mitigate increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. In a poplar (three species) plantation exposed to ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (580 ppm) atmospheric CO 2 concentrations using a Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) system, the relative importance of leaf litter decomposition, fine root and fungal turnover for C incorporation into SOM was investigated. A technique using cores of soil in which a C 4 crop has been grown (d 13 C )18.1&) inserted into the plantation and detritus from C 3 trees (d 13 C )27 to )30&) was used to distinguish between old (native soil) and new (tree derived) soil C. In-growth cores using a fine mesh (39 lm) to prevent in-growth of roots, but allow in-growth of fungal hyphae were used to assess contribution of fine roots and the mycorrhizal external mycelium to soil C during a period of three growing seasons (1999)(2000)(2001). Across all species and treatments, the mycorrhizal external mycelium was the dominant pathway (62%) through which carbon entered the SOM pool, exceeding the input via leaf litter and fine root turnover. The input via the mycorrhizal external mycelium was not influenced by elevated CO 2 , but elevated atmospheric CO 2 enhanced soil C inputs via fine root turnover. The turnover of the mycorrhizal external mycelium may be a fundamental mechanism for the transfer of root-derived C to SOM.

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A free‐air enrichment system for exposing tall forest vegetation to elevated atmospheric CO₂

Cited by 378 publications

References 43 publications

Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields

Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields

Coral reefs and changing seawater carbonate chemistry

Mycorrhizal Hyphal Turnover as a Dominant Process for Carbon Input into Soil Organic Matter

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A free‐air enrichment system for exposing tall forest vegetation to elevated atmospheric CO2

Cited by 378 publications

References 43 publications

Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields

Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields

Coral reefs and changing seawater carbonate chemistry

Mycorrhizal Hyphal Turnover as a Dominant Process for Carbon Input into Soil Organic Matter

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Product

Resources

About

A free‐air enrichment system for exposing tall forest vegetation to elevated atmospheric CO₂