A general strategy for direct synthesis of reduced graphene oxide by chemical exfoliation of graphite

Loaiza-Betancur, Andrés Felipe; Ornelas‐Soto, Nancy; Garay-Tapia, A.M.; Pérez, F. R.; Salazar, Ángel; García, Alejandra

doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.07.019

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Chemical exfoliation is a two‐step process where intercalating agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) oxidant, [ 31 ] alkali metal ions, [ 32 ] dodecyl amine organic molecules, [ 12a ] and supercritical CO 2 [ 33 ] are first used to increase the interlayer spacing of graphite. The graphene‐intercalated compounds are subsequently exfoliated into FLG sheets by heating, [ 1 ] sonication [ 5 ] or shear mixing [ 34 ] in the second step.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Graphene For Biomedical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Functionalization of Graphene Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives

et al. 2023

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Since its discovery in 2004, graphene is increasingly applied in various fields owing to its unique properties. Graphene application in the biomedical domain is promising and intriguing as an emerging 2D material with a high surface area, good mechanical properties, and unrivalled electronic and physical properties. This review summarizes six typical synthesis methods to fabricate pristine graphene (p‐G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), followed by characterization techniques to examine the obtained graphene materials. As bare graphene is generally undesirable in vivo and in vitro, functionalization methods to reduce toxicity, increase biocompatibility, and provide more functionalities are demonstrated. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro behaviors of various bare and functionalized graphene materials are discussed to evaluate the functionalization effects. Reasonable control of dose (<20 mg kg−1), sizes (50–1000 nm), and functionalization methods for in vivo application are advantageous. Then, the key biomedical applications based on graphene materials are discussed, coupled with the current challenges and outlooks of this growing field. In a broader sense, this review provides a comprehensive discussion on the synthesis, characterization, functionalization, evaluation, and application of p‐G, GO, and rGO in the biomedical field, highlighting their recent advances and potential.

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Section: Synthesis Of Graphene For Biomedical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Functionalization of Graphene Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives

et al. 2023

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“…In a recent study by Betancur et. al, nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) were used to start the exfoliation of graphite, followed by the use of an ammonium hydroxide NH 4 OH solution to complete its exfoliation and partly reduce the resultant graphene samples [ 64 ]. In another study by Liu et.…”

Section: Graphene Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Synthesis Techniques and Environmental Applications

Abbas

Shinde²,

Abdelkareem³

et al. 2022

Materials

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Graphene is fundamentally a two-dimensional material with extraordinary optical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical characteristics. It has a versatile surface chemistry and large surface area. It is a carbon nanomaterial, which comprises sp2 hybridized carbon atoms placed in a hexagonal lattice with one-atom thickness, giving it a two-dimensional structure. A large number of synthesis techniques including epitaxial growth, liquid phase exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, and chemical vapor deposition are used for the synthesis of graphene. Graphene prepared using different techniques can have a number of benefits and deficiencies depending on its application. This study provides a summary of graphene preparation techniques and critically assesses the use of graphene, its derivates, and composites in environmental applications. These applications include the use of graphene as membrane material for the detoxication and purification of water, active material for gas sensing, heavy metal ions detection, and CO2 conversion. Furthermore, a trend analysis of both synthesis techniques and environmental applications of graphene has been performed by extracting and analyzing Scopus data from the past ten years. Finally, conclusions and outlook are provided to address the residual challenges related to the synthesis of the material and its use for environmental applications.

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“…Previous studies have shown that GO structure is closely related to a variety of factors such as the type and quantity of the solution ( Dimiev et al, 2012 ; Eigler et al, 2013 ; Eng et al, 2013 ), structural holes ( Erickson et al, 2010 ), radical reaction ( Collins et al, 2011 ; Dimiev et al, 2012 ; Eigler et al, 2013 ; Yang et al, 2014 ), etc. Based on these, a large number of experimental studies have been carried out in detail with great success in terms of carbon and oxygen content ( Erickson et al, 2010 ; Collins et al, 2011 ; Dimiev et al, 2012 ; Eigler et al, 2013 ; Yang et al, 2014 ; Brisebois et al, 2016 ), functional group types ( He et al, 1996 ; Lerf et al, 1997 ; Lerf et al, 1998 ; Collins et al, 2011 ), different types and proportions of solutions, the microscopic process of exfoliation ( Zhang et al, 2009 ; Tang et al, 2015 ; Betancur et al, 2018 ), etc. Meanwhile, the fact that oxygen functional groups are introduced ( Skaltsas et al, 2013 ; Ma et al, 2018 ) through topological defects ( Bracamonte et al, 2014 ) by ultrasonic treatment and solvent molecules has also been clarified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Oxygenated Acids on Graphene Oxide: The Source of Oxygen-Containing Functional Group

Zhu

et al. 2021

Front. Chem.

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Graphene oxide is an important member of the graphene family which has a wide range of applications. The chemical method, especially the liquid phase method, is one of the most common and important methods for its preparation. However, the complex solution environment not only gives them rich structure, but also brings great challenges for its large-scale industrial synthesis. In order to better realize its industrial application, it is important to understand its structure, such as the source of oxygen-containing functional groups. Here we studied the contribution of four oxygenated acids to oxygen-containing functional groups in Hummers’ method using first principles. We found that the permanganic acid molecules that exist instantaneously due to energy fluctuations can be the source of oxygen-containing functional group. In addition, Stone-Wales defect have a certain effect on the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups, but this effect is not as good as that of solvation effect. This work provides a guide for exploring the source of oxygen-containing functional groups on graphene oxide.

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A general strategy for direct synthesis of reduced graphene oxide by chemical exfoliation of graphite

Cited by 38 publications

References 57 publications

Synthesis and Functionalization of Graphene Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives

Synthesis and Functionalization of Graphene Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives

Graphene Synthesis Techniques and Environmental Applications

Effects of Oxygenated Acids on Graphene Oxide: The Source of Oxygen-Containing Functional Group

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