“…By offering insightful information on regional spatial patterns and relationships, geographic information system (GIS) tools can be very helpful in assisting local development initiatives (Bazan--Krzywoszańska et al, 2019;Bieda et al, 2020;Kulesza & Florek-Paszkowski, 2018;Michalik & Zwirowicz--Rutkowska, 2023). Geographical data, including land use, population demographics, transportation networks, and natural resources, may be mapped and analyzed using GIS technology, which can help guide decisions about economic development, infrastructure design, and resource management (Coetzee et al, 2017;Giang & Vinh, 2014;Ilyushina et al, 2018;Jawecki et al, 2019;Kaczmarek et al, 2022).…”