A glacier runoff extension to the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System

Beusekom, Ashley E. Van; Viger, Roland J.

doi:10.1002/2015jf003789

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…A range of climate and hydrological models, including the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Global Hydrologic Evaluation Model (GHEM), the Regional Hydro-climate Model (Reg-HCM), the Rainfall-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), and the Water Balance/Transport Model (WBM/WTM), have all been used to quantitatively estimate rainfall and runoff at different scales, including globally, nationally, and at the level of individual basins [24][25][26][27]. In contrast, research on water demand has mainly focuses on the usage of different sectors such as agricultural, urban domestic and ecological.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crop Irrigation Water Requirements in the Heihe River Basin, China

Liu

Song

Deng

2017

Water

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Abstract:Agricultural expansion, population growth, rapid urbanization, and climate change have all significantly impacted global water supply and demand and have led to a number of negative consequences including ecological degradation and decreases in biodiversity, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The agricultural sector consumes the most water globally; crop irrigation alone uses up more than 80% of available agricultural water. Thus, to maintain sustainable development of the global economy and ecosystems, it is crucial to effectively manage crop irrigation water. We focus on the arid and semi-arid Heihe River Basin (HRB), China, as a case study in this paper, extracting spatiotemporal information on the distribution of crop planting using multi-temporal Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) remote sensing (RS) images. We estimate the spatiotemporal crop irrigation water requirements (IWR c ) using the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Penman-Monteith method and reveal variations in IWR c . We also analyze the impact of changes in crop planting structure on IWR c and discuss strategies for the rational allocation of irrigation water as well as policies to alleviate imbalance between water supply and demand. The results of this study show that effective rainfall (ER) decreases upstream-to-downstream within the HRB, while crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions (ET c ) increases, leading to increasing spatial variation in IWR c from zero up to 150 mm and between 300 and 450 mm. Data show that between 2007 and 2012, annual mean ER decreased from 139.49 to 106.29 mm, while annual mean ET c increased from 483.87 to 500.38 mm, and annual mean IWR c increased from 339.95 to 370.11 mm. Data show that monthly mean IWR c initially increased before decreasing in concert with crop growth. The largest values for this index were recorded during the month of June; results show that IWR c for May and June decreased by 8.14 and 11.67 mm, respectively, while values for July increased by 5.75 mm between 2007 and 2012. These variations have helped to ease the temporal imbalance between water supply and demand. Mean IWR c values for oilseed rape, corn, barley, and other crops all increased over the study period, from 208. 43, 349.35, 229.26, and 352.85 mm, respectively, in 2007, to 241.81, 393.10, 251.17, and 378.86 mm, respectively, in 2012. At the same time, the mean IWR c of wheat decreased from 281.53 mm in 2007 to 266.69 mm in 2012. Mainly because of changes in planting structure, the total IWR c for the HRB in 2012 reached 2692.58 × 10 6 m 3 , an increase of 332.16 × 10 6 m 3 (14.07%) compared to 2007. Data show that 23.11% (76.77 × 10 6 m 3 ) of this increase is due to crop transfers, while the remaining 76.89% (255.39 × 10 6 m 3 ) is the result of the rapid expansion of cultivated land. Thus, to maintain both the sustainable development and ecological security of the HRB, it is crucial to efficiently manage and utilize agricultural water in light of spat...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crop Irrigation Water Requirements in the Heihe River Basin, China

Liu

Song

Deng

2017

Water

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“…This study does not model hydrology with projected future climate, but instead focuses on understanding potential vulnerabilities of the region to climate changes, after modeling the historical hydrological response. As a secondary result, this study extends methods from Van Beusekom and Viger () by scaling to regional scale, which requires more sophisticated techniques for calibration across a large number of glaciers in different hydro‐climatic and physiographic settings, while compensating for a drastically reduced availability of relevant data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The model calculates solar radiation (SR) and potential evapotranspiration (PET). The model was documented in Van Beusekom and Viger (); a brief overview follows, as well as a few small changes that were made to the code for use in this application. A figure of the model concept is included in Van Beusekom and Viger ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it would have been convenient to simply eliminate these glaciers from the simulation, small glaciers can contribute substantially to runoff (Huss & Fischer, ). In order to accommodate representation of these smaller glaciers in a more practical manner, the PRMSglacier v.1 code (Van Beusekom & Viger, ) was augmented to characterize these glaciers as “glacierettes” and that contribute to the “glacierette fraction” of the each standard HRU. An HRU containing a nonzero glacierette fraction has a corresponding quantity of ice to melt once snowpack is depleted.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Van Beusekom and Viger () introduced and successfully demonstrated a glacier simulation code, PRMSglacier, with fewer data requirements (e.g., basal topography was inferred and weather data only required a daily time step), on two small basins in different hydro‐climate zones in Alaska. That study documented the addition of a module to simulate glacier dynamics to an existing modular, deterministic, distributed‐parameter, physical‐process daily time step hydrological simulation code, Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS; Markstrom et al, ), for a new code PRMSglacier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Physically Based Daily Simulation of the Glacier‐Dominated Hydrology of the Copper River Basin, Alaska

Beusekom

Viger

2018

Water Resources Research

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The large, highly glacierized Copper River basin is an important water resource for the south‐central region of Alaska. Thus, information is needed on the reaction of its hydrologic timing and streamflow volumes to historical changes in climate, in order to assess the possible impact of future changes. However, the basin is remote, and therefore, it has proved difficult to collect field data in a frequent temporal and spatial manner. An extension of the distributed‐parameter, physical‐process code Precipitation Runoff Modeling System, PRMSglacier, has been specifically developed to simulate daily hydrology without requiring extensive input data. In this study, PRMSglacier was used to characterize the hydrology of the Copper River basin from 1959 to 2015. The basin was split into subbasins for specific regional climatic calibrations and finer resolution characterization. The model was calibrated and performed well against data of glacier mass balance, glacier area change, snow cover, gaged streamflow, evapotranspiration, and solar radiation. Ice melt contributed 26% of the total basin streamflow, with differences temporally from climate oscillations. Furthermore, differences were seen geographically in subbasins depending on the state of the glaciers in each subbasin. Decreasing trends in ice melt volume were mostly seen on smaller steeper glaciers responding to a critical level of glacier recession, while increasing trends in ice melt volume were mostly seen on larger valley glaciers responding to increasing temperature. The areas with substantially decreasing ice melt had decreasing streamflow, possibly indicating health concerns for the ecosystems therein.

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Observation and Simulation of Runoff During an Extreme Heatwave in a Glacial Basin on the Central Tibetan Plateau

Zhu,

Guo

et al. 2024

Hydrological Processes

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Glacier meltwater runoff during extreme heat waves is crucial for overall runoff replenishment; however, studies on the characteristics and mechanisms of extreme meltwater runoff on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are relatively scarce. In this study, we combine field observations (hydrological, meteorological, and glaciological) with a precipitation runoff modelling system and glacier model (PRMSglacier) to investigate the characteristics of extreme glacier meltwater runoff and the associated energy balance and hydrological processes from October 2018 to September 2022 in the Sangqu Basin on the central TP. Good agreement was shown between observed and modelled total runoff and glacier‐wide mass balance, with a mean Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.74 and root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 22 mm w.e. The mean glacial meltwater runoff contributed 14% of the total runoff and snowmelt runoff 72.5% during the study period. Contributions of 21.3% and 59% for glacier meltwater and snowmelt runoff, respectively, during a heatwave from June to September 2022 thus indicated anomalously high glacial meltwater and snowmelt runoff in association with hot and dry meteorological conditions. Basin‐scale energy balance results suggest that extremely low albedo and extremely high surface temperatures control the net shortwave and longwave radiation, leading to anomalously high melting of glaciers and snow. The hot and dry meteorological conditions from June to September 2022 primarily affected the source regions of the Yangtze River and Selincuo in Geladandong. This study highlights the importance of extreme glacial meltwater runoff to terrestrial water resources in association with frequent extreme heat waves.

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A glacier runoff extension to the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System

Cited by 15 publications

References 72 publications

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crop Irrigation Water Requirements in the Heihe River Basin, China

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crop Irrigation Water Requirements in the Heihe River Basin, China

A Physically Based Daily Simulation of the Glacier‐Dominated Hydrology of the Copper River Basin, Alaska

Observation and Simulation of Runoff During an Extreme Heatwave in a Glacial Basin on the Central Tibetan Plateau

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