A Global Retrospective Study on Human Cases of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Poisoning after Seafood Consumption

Guardone, Lisa; Maneschi, Andrea; Meucci, Valentina; Gasperetti, Laura; Nucera, Daniele; Armani, Andrea

doi:10.1080/87559129.2019.1669162

Cited by 47 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a thermostable and highly potent neurotoxin, most often associated with food poisoning due to the consumption of pufferfish ( Tetraodontidae family) (reviewed in [ 1 , 2 ]). Besides pufferfish, which have been responsible for nearly 60% of TTX poisoning cases, other sources include edible marine gastropods (predominantly from family Nassaridae ) and arthropods ( Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda ), contributing to 21% and 16% cases, respectively [ 3 ]. TTX has also been found in other marine animals, many of which are unlikely to pose a food safety risk, including starfish, marine worms from several phyla (Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Chaeognata and Annelida), or terrestrial amphibians (reviewed in [ 1 , 2 , 4 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

et al. 2021

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A potent and heat-stable tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been found to accumulate in various marine bivalve species, including Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), raising a food safety concern. While several studies on geographical occurrence of TTX have been conducted, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of the toxin within and between bivalves. We, therefore, measured TTX in the whole flesh, mantle, gills, labial palps, digestive gland, adductor muscle and intravalvular fluid of C. gigas using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weekly monitoring during summer months revealed the highest TTX concentrations in the digestive gland (up to 242 µg/kg), significantly higher than in other oyster tissues. Intra-population variability of TTX, measured in the whole flesh of each of twenty animals, reached 46% and 32% in the two separate batches, respectively. In addition, an inter-population study was conducted to compare TTX levels at four locations within the oyster production area. TTX concentrations in the whole flesh varied significantly between some of these locations, which was unexplained by the differences in weight of flesh. This is the first study examining TTX distribution in C. gigas and the first confirmation of the preferential accumulation of TTX in oyster digestive gland.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

et al. 2021

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“…Food-borne illnesses caused by seafood containing tetrodotoxin (TTX) are well known in East Asian countries and are primarily associated with the consumption of pufferfish and marine gastropods [ 1 ]. TTX-bearing gastropods have been extensively described, including incidents with large marine snails such as the trumpet shell ( Charonia sauliae ) [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that blocks the conduction of Na + ions by binding with high specificity to voltage-gated sodium channels in mammalian muscle and nerve tissues [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Levels of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Trumpet Shell Charonia lampas from the Portuguese Coast

Costa

Giráldez

Rodrigues

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin, considered an emerging toxin in Europe where recently a safety limit of 44 µg TTX kg−1 was recommended by authorities. In this study, three specimens of the large gastropod trumpet shell Charonia lampas bought in a market in south Portugal were analyzed using a neuroblastoma cell (N2a) based assay and by LC-MS/MS. N2a toxicity was observed in the viscera of two individuals analyzed and LC-MS/MS showed very high concentrations of TTX (42.1 mg kg−1) and 4,9-anhydroTTX (56.3 mg kg−1). A third compound with m/z 318 and structurally related with TTX was observed. In the edible portion, i.e., the muscle, toxin levels were below the EFSA recommended limit. This study shows that trumpet shell marine snails are seafood species that may reach the markets containing low TTX levels in the edible portion but containing very high levels of TTX in non-edible portion raising concerns regarding food safety if a proper evisceration is not carried out by consumers. These results highlight the need for better understanding TTX variability in this gastropod species, which is critical to developing a proper legal framework for resources management ensuring seafood safety, and the introduction of these gastropods in the markets.

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“…Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a low molecular weight and polar neurotoxin that blocks the receptor site 1 of voltage-gated sodium channels [1]. For many years, it has mainly been associated with puffer fish-derived food poisoning in Asia, as reviewed by Guardone et al [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections

Réveillon

Savar

Schaefer

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggested as possible biogenic sources, either from an endogenous or exogenous origin. We thus investigated TTXs in (i) 98 shellfish samples and (ii) 122 bacterial strains, isolated from French environments. We optimized a method based on mass spectrometry, using a single extraction step followed by ultrafiltration without Solid Phase Extraction and matrix-matched calibration for both shellfish and bacterial matrix. Limits of detection and quantification were 6.3 and 12.5 µg/kg for shellfish and 5.0 and 10 µg/kg for bacterial matrix, respectively. Even though bacterial matrix resulted in signal enhancement, no TTX analog was detected in any strain. Bivalves (either Crassostrea gigas or Ruditapes philippinarum) were surveyed in six French production areas over 2.5–3 month periods (2018–2019). Concentrations of TTX ranged from ‘not detected’ to a maximum of 32 µg/kg (Bay of Brest, 17 June 2019), with events lasting 2 weeks at maximum. While these results are in line with previous studies, they provide new data of TTX occurrence and confirm that the link between bacteria, bivalves and TTX is complex.

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A Global Retrospective Study on Human Cases of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Poisoning after Seafood Consumption

Abstract: A global retrospective study on Hhuman cases of tetrodotoxin (TTX) 3 poisoning intoxication due to the ingestion ofafter seafood products 4 containing tetrodotoxin: a global retrospective study consumption 5 6

Cited by 47 publications

References 74 publications

Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

High Levels of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Trumpet Shell Charonia lampas from the Portuguese Coast

Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections

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