A Global Scale Analysis of River Flood Risk of UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Arrighi, Chiara

doi:10.3389/frwa.2021.764459

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Despite these efforts, flood events have had a significant impact on cultural heritage and historic centres in recent years (Holicky & Sykora, 2010; Lanza, 2003; Vojinovic et al, 2016), and the trend continues to increase. A recent study analysing 1121 sites as of March 2021 shows that 35% of natural and 21% of cultural and mixed UNESCO Tangible World Heritage sites are in geographical areas that are likely to be affected by flood hazards (Arrighi, 2021). This represents a significant threat since these assets combine high cultural value with a series of characteristics that make them potentially vulnerable to physical, chemical, and biological degradation because of moisture ingress (Sesana et al, 2021; Stephenson & D'Ayala, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood vulnerability and risk assessment of historic urban areas: Vulnerability evaluation, derivation of depth‐damage curves and cost–benefit analysis of flood adaptation measures applied to the historic city centre of Tomar, Portugal

Davis

Larionova

Patel

et al. 2023

J Flood Risk Management

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Around 45% of natural hazards reported worldwide are related to floods, and current indications show that exposure to floods and inherent losses will keep escalating. Historic centres are particularly vulnerable in this context due to the structural and material characteristics of the buildings and because they embrace social and cultural values that must be safeguarded. This article aims to contribute to this research area by presenting and discussing the application of an index-based methodology specifically tailored to assess flood risk in historic urban centres. The historic city centre of Tomar, Portugal, an area that encompasses over 500 buildings and has a rich history of floods, is used here as a case study. Vulnerability data resulting from the application of the vulnerability assessment approach are then combined with flood hazard-that is, water velocity and depth obtained from flood peaks estimated for 20-and 100-year periods of return-and used to identify the buildings at risk. Finally, a set of depth-damage curves is derived and used here to carry out a costbenefit analysis for different flood adaptation measures.exposure, flood risk, historic urban centres, sensitivity, vulnerability assessment | INTRODUCTIONEvery year the world faces many climate-related and geophysical hazards. And although low-income countries tend to be particularly affected by those hazards due to poor infrastructure systems, disastrous floods in countries like Pakistan, Puerto Rico, the United States, and the United Kingdom prove that floods are a global threat (Rentschler et al., 2022). In Europe alone, reported economic losses due to disasters amount to 281 billion US$, of which 52% are due to floods. It is estimated that exposure to floods, and consequently damage losses, will grow

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood vulnerability and risk assessment of historic urban areas: Vulnerability evaluation, derivation of depth‐damage curves and cost–benefit analysis of flood adaptation measures applied to the historic city centre of Tomar, Portugal

Davis

Larionova

Patel

et al. 2023

J Flood Risk Management

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“…Floods present significant challenges globally, with particular prominence in numerous regions [1,2], notably within tropical locales such as Indonesia [3,4]. The susceptibility of Indonesia to floods is attributed primarily to its geographical positioning, which is exposed to extreme meteorological phenomena including intense rainfall and typhoons [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrological Approach for Flood Overflow Estimation in Buleleng Watershed, Bali

Suyarto,

Wiyanti,

Saifulloh

et al. 2023

IJSSE

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The Hydrology of a watershed, encapsulated within the biogeophysical characteristics of upstream, midstream, and downstream regions, governs the peak discharge. Notable flooding issues have been observed in the downstream region of the Buleleng Watershed, largely attributed to land use transitions from vegetative to built-up areas. This study seeks to delineate the flood overflow zone within the Buleleng River Basin, influenced by factors such as rainfall, land use, and soil texture. Data employed in this study encompass land use maps, an 8-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model, annual rainfall records, soil texture information, and river network maps. The adopted methodology involved field survey data collection, satellite image analysis, and hydrological approach computations. Peak discharge values for the Buleleng Watershed, derived for periods of 5, 10, 25, and 5-100 years, were determined to be 426334. 44, 568445.88, 603035.31, and 617379 m 3 /s respectively, set against a river capacity of 312748.13 m 3 /s. Given the substantial overflow discharge from the Buleleng River, the watershed is susceptible to flooding. The study findings indicate a progressive annual increase in flood overflow predictions, necessitating targeted interventions such as drainage management, surface runoff control, and a review of spatial permits for settlement usage, particularly within watershed conservation areas.

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“…Moreover, cultural heritage can be severely affected by flooding with the peculiarity that (i) the direct tangible losses, such as the detachment of painted surfaces, can be irreversible, (ii) the intangible losses, i.e. historical, spiritual, aesthetic, and social values affected, often lead to indirect economic losses, including loss of livelihoods [12][13][14]; [24] and (iii) replacement costs are hardly estimated for assets which are unique and outside of the market. These challenging aspects make flood risk assessment of cultural heritage rarely applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The examples of flood damage and risk analysis to cultural heritage can be subdivided by the scale of analysis from global to singleasset. Flood risk of cultural heritage has been recently analysed at global scale for UNESCO World Heritage Sites (UNWH) [12] showing that 21% of UNWH cultural sites are exposed to floods and 2% is at extreme flood risk. Analyses have been carried out at regional scale in Spain and at national scale in Portugal with a semi-quantitative approach based on hazard maps and vulnerability classification of heritage typology [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%