“…Dissatisfied with the weaker implementation, regionally-based green initiatives have been adopted including the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Port State Control, European Union's green legislations and various market-based initiatives [14]. Most existing studies on green shipping have attempted either to solve technical problems to design, operation and other business aspects [10,[15][16][17][18], or to survey opinions of stakeholders based on survey or interviews [1,10,11,13,14,19]. No studies, except Lai et al [4], however, have yet examined the motivations of shipping companies on why they practice green shipping activities.…”