“…A well-known practical control strategy is to maintain the ideal growing climate near steady levels via onoff rule-based control logic or PID controllers. However, these classic approaches lack the ability to effectively cope with the complex dynamics of greenhouse systems with multiple inputs multiple outputs, see e.g., Hamza et al (2019), Lafont et al (2013) and Wang et al (2013). Despite the developments of the PID control to the multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) systems, see e.g., Vázquez and Morilla (2002), Astrom et al (2001) and Saab (2017), it is still challenging to apply the PID control to greenhouse systems, since we need to consider the interactions between multiple inputs and outputs in the system with various constraints, which may require substantial tuning efforts for PID controllers.…”