A Growing World of Small Things: A Brief Review On the Nanostructured Vaccines

Andrade, Lídia M.; Cox, Laura; Versiani, Alice F.; Fonseca, Flávio Guimarães da

doi:10.2217/fvl-2017-0086

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Nanoparticles have also been proposed as vaccine candidates ( 168 ). Nanovaccine can not only co-deliver tumor antigens and adjuvants to lymphoid tissues in close proximity, but also further enhance therapeutic efficacy by loading with immunosuppressive inhibitors or immunostimulatory compounds ( 169 , 170 ).…”

Section: Immunotherapy Based On Nanotechnologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of T-cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: From immunity to immunotherapy

et al. 2022

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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompass a group of complex entities of tumours affecting the aerodigestive upper tract. The main risk factors are strongly related to tobacco and alcohol consumption, but also HPV infection is often associated. Surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are the standard treatments, though the 5-year overall survival is less than 50%. The advances in genomics, molecular medicine, immunology, and nanotechnology have shed a light on tumour biology which helps clinical researchers to obtain more efficacious and less toxic therapies. Head and neck tumours possess different immune escape mechanisms including diminishing the immune response through modulating immune checkpoints, in addition to the recruitment and differentiation of suppressive immune cells. The insights into the HNSCC biology and its strong interaction with the tumour microenvironment highlights the role of immunomodulating agents. Recently, the knowledge of the immunological features of these tumours has paved the way for the discovery of effective biomarkers that allow a better selection of patients with odds of improving overall survival through immunotherapy. Specially biomarkers regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors antibodies, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 in combination with standard therapy or as monotherapy. New immunotherapies to treat head and neck cancer carcinomas, such as CAR T cells and nanoparticles have been the center of attention and in this review, we discuss the necessity of finding targets for the T cell in the cancer cells to generate CAR T cells, but also the relevance of evaluating specificity and safety of those therapies.

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Section: Immunotherapy Based On Nanotechnologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of T-cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: From immunity to immunotherapy

et al. 2022

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“…When it comes to biotechnology, the possibility of using nanomaterials to different ends is practically unlimited. Biosensors are amongst the most promising of all nanomaterial applications, bringing cheaper, more sensitive and more reliable detection platforms for an enormous number of completely different bioanalytes, from environmental samples to metabolic specimens and disease-related biomarkers [59][60][61] . Despite their many advantages over more traditional screening, sensing and diagnostic methods, the use of nanosensors are still not as widespread as it could be.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosensors based on LSPR are able to serologically differentiate dengue from Zika infections

Versiani

Martins

Andrade

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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the Flaviviridae virus family was named after the Yellow-fever virus, and the latin term flavi means "of golden color". Dengue, caused by Dengue virus (DENV), is one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. A sensitive and differential diagnosis is crucial for patient management, especially due to the occurrence of serological cross-reactivity to other co-circulating flaviviruses. This became particularly important with the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in areas were DENV seroprevalence was already high. We developed a sensitive and specific diagnostic test based on gold nanorods (GNR) functionalized with DENV proteins as nanosensors. These were able to detect as little as one picogram of anti-DENV monoclonal antibodies and highly diluted DENV-positive human sera. The nanosensors could differentiate DENV-positive sera from other flavivirus-infected patients, including ZIKV, and were even able to distinguish which DENV serotype infected individual patients. Readouts are obtained in ELISA-plate spectrophotometers without the need of specific devices. Dengue is an arboviral infection that is endemic in countries of Asia, Oceania, the Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about 40% of the world's population live in regions where the risk of dengue transmission is high 1. The last comprehensive study on global dengue burden has put the number of yearly infections in about 390 million 2 and even though the study was published a few years ago the World Health Organization (WHO) still consider those as the most likely actual numbers 3,4. Dengue virus (DENV), the pathogen that causes dengue fever and other manifestations, is classified as part of the Flavivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. The family was named after the Yellow fever virus (YFV) and the Latin particle Flavi means "of golden color"-a reference to the onset of jaundice observed in YFV-infected patients. Flaviviruses are enveloped viruses whose genome encodes just one open reading frame (ORF) that codifies a single polyprotein. During the virus replication cycle the polyprotein is cleaved in three structural and seven nonstructural polypeptides by virus-coded or cell proteases 5. The DENV Envelope protein (DENV E) is an immunodominant polypeptide that is inserted into the virus envelope and exposed on the virus surface, mediating the adsorption to host cells and membrane fusion upon cell entry 6. There are four known DENV serotypes which are genetically and antigenically distinct, and each one is able to cause clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease or even death 7,8. DENV infections by any serotype induce protective immune responses against subsequent infections with the same serotype, whereas heterotypic secondary infections may lead to exacerbated viral multiplication and the development of severe disease 9-11. The Zika virus (ZIKV) (a closely related flavivirus

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“…This induced significant immune responses in mice [163]. Similarly, conjugation of functionalized CNTs with B and T cell peptide epitopes could generate a multivalent system that was able to induce a strong immune response; thus, CNTs were considered to be good candidates for vaccine delivery [164]. Further, functionalized CNTs were used for the transport of peptides (such as foot-and-mouth virus peptide) for vaccination [165].…”

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology-based antiviral therapeutics

Chakravarty

Vora

2020

Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res.

211

165

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The host immune system is highly compromised in case of viral infections and relapses are very common. The capacity of the virus to destroy the host cell by liberating its own DNA or RNA and replicating inside the host cell poses challenges in the development of antiviral therapeutics. In recent years, many new technologies have been explored for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral infections. Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most promising technologies on account of its ability to deal with viral diseases in an effective manner, addressing the limitations of traditional antiviral medicines. It has not only helped us to overcome problems related to solubility and toxicity of drugs, but also imparted unique properties to drugs, which in turn has increased their potency and selectivity toward viral cells against the host cells. The initial part of the paper focuses on some important proteins of influenza, Ebola, HIV, herpes, Zika, dengue, and corona virus and those of the host cells important for their entry and replication into the host cells. This is followed by different types of nanomaterials which have served as delivery vehicles for the antiviral drugs. It includes various lipid-based, polymer-based, lipid-polymer hybrid-based, carbon-based, inorganic metal-based, surface-modified, and stimuli-sensitive nanomaterials and their application in antiviral therapeutics. The authors also highlight newer promising treatment approaches like nanotraps, nanorobots, nanobubbles, nanofibers, nanodiamonds, nanovaccines, and mathematical modeling for the future. The paper has been updated with the recent developments in nanotechnology-based approaches in view of the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19.

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A Growing World of Small Things: A Brief Review On the Nanostructured Vaccines

Cited by 8 publications

References 77 publications

The role of T-cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: From immunity to immunotherapy

The role of T-cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: From immunity to immunotherapy

Nanosensors based on LSPR are able to serologically differentiate dengue from Zika infections

Nanotechnology-based antiviral therapeutics

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