A Guide to COVID‐19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2

Atzrodt, Cassandra L.; Maknojia, Insha; McCarthy, Robert D. P.; Oldfield, Tiara M.; Po, Jonathan B.; Ta, Kenny T. L.; Stepp, Hannah E.; Clements, Thomas P.

doi:10.1111/febs.15375

Cited by 279 publications

(244 citation statements)

References 140 publications

(156 reference statements)

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“…In addition, very strict and severe social and economic measures, with the potential danger of causing a profound global crisis, have been taken [ 7 ]. In this context, even if an effective vaccine is promisingly close to becoming available, drugs are needed for infected people [ 8 ]. From experience with other pathogens, we have learnt that the best therapeutic strategy consists in administrating a combination of several drugs acting through different mechanisms, in order to minimize the probability of drug resistance appearance [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and identification of quercetin as an inhibitor by experimental screening

Abián

Ortega-Alarcón

Jiménez-Alesanco

et al. 2020

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

221

211

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The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has prompted the search for preventive and therapeutic treatments for its pathogen, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are many potential targets for drug discovery and development to tackle this disease. One of these targets is the main protease, Mpro or 3CLpro, which is highly conserved among coronaviruses. 3CLpro is an essential player in the viral replication cycle, processing the large viral polyproteins and rendering the individual proteins functional. We report a biophysical characterization of the structural stability and the catalytic activity of 3CLpro from SARS-CoV-2, from which a suitable experimental in vitro molecular screening procedure has been designed. By screening of a small chemical library consisting of about 150 compounds, the natural product quercetin was identified as reasonably potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (K i ~ 7 μM). Quercetin could be shown to interact with 3CLpro using biophysical techniques and bind to the active site in molecular simulations. Quercetin, with well-known pharmacokinetic and ADMET properties, can be considered as a good candidate for further optimization and development, or repositioned for COVID-19 therapeutic treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and identification of quercetin as an inhibitor by experimental screening

Abián

Ortega-Alarcón

Jiménez-Alesanco

et al. 2020

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

221

211

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“…The recent uncertainties of a future vaccine (for example, AstraZeneca is re-evaluating its clinical trials) suggests the need and urgency for other pharmaceutical options and is also encouraging research into not-yet-approved medicinal compounds. In this context, even if an effective vaccine may become available, effective drugs are currently needed for infected people [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational studies reveal mechanism by which quinone derivatives can inhibit SARS-CoV-2. Study of embelin and two therapeutic compounds of interest, methyl prednisolone and dexamethasone

Caruso¹,

Rossi²,

Pedersen³

et al. 2020

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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Background Quinones are reactive to proteins containing cysteine residues and the main protease in Covid-19 contains an active site that includes Cys145. Embelin, a quinone natural product, is known to have antiviral activity against influenza and hepatitis B. Preliminary studies by our group also indicate its ability to inhibit HSV-1 in cultured cells. Methods Docking and DFT methods applied to the protease target. Results a mechanism for this inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease is described, specifically due to formation of a covalent bond between S(Cys145) and an embelin C(carbonyl). This is assisted by two protein amino acids (1) N(imidazole-His41) which is able to capture H[S(Cys145)] and (2) HN(Met165), which donates a proton to embelin O(carbonyl) forming an OH moiety that results in inhibition of the viral protease. A similar process is also seen with the anti-inflammatory drugs methyl prednisolone and dexamethasone, used for Covid-19 patients. Methyl prednisolone and dexamethasone are methide quinones, and possess only one carbonyl moiety, instead of two for embelin. Additional consideration was given to another natural product, emodin, recently patented against Covid-19, as well as some therapeutic quinones, vitamin K, suspected to be involved in Covid-19 action, and coenzyme Q10. All show structural similarities with embelin, dexamethasone and methyl prednisolone results. Conclusions Our data on embelin and related quinones indicate that these natural compounds may represent a feasible, strategic tool against Covid-19.

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“…In critical patients, complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock, and septicemia may cause multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS) and even death [3,4]. Up to June 2, 2020, there are 6,265,496 cases diagnosed for COVID-19 and 375,526 people have died from the disease in 188 countries and regions [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Adding Traditional Chinese Medicine on COVID-19 Patients’ Liver Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Song¹,

Huang²,

Wei³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly infectious and spreads rapidly across the world. Some patients occurred liver damage for unexplained reasons. Our study aims to explore whether Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) causes severe abnormal liver function compared to that of Western Medicine during the treatment process of COVID-19.Methods: We selected eligible studies with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria after systematically searching 7 databases up to May 30, 2020. Then, the study quality was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Finally, we conducted a meta and subgroup analysis in the random-effects model to calculate risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to evaluate the risk changes after adding TCM and the influence factor to RR. Results: A total of 2648 articles were searched, and 3 randomized controlled studies were included. Our results indicated that the occurrence of abnormal liver function had no statistical difference in the group added with TCM from Western Medicine groups. (RR=0.55[0.16,1,85], I2=58%, P=0.09>0.05). We also found that the high heterogeneity existed in two subgroups of common cases and all typecases, and it was statistically significant (I2=76.3%, P=0.04 <0.05）, which means the clinical type of COVID-19 may be the source of heterogeneity.Conclusion: Our research showed that adding TCM wouldn’ t damage the COVID-19 patients’ liver function. On the contrary, it may reduce the risk.

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A Guide to COVID‐19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2

Cited by 279 publications

References 140 publications

Structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and identification of quercetin as an inhibitor by experimental screening

Structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and identification of quercetin as an inhibitor by experimental screening

Computational studies reveal mechanism by which quinone derivatives can inhibit SARS-CoV-2. Study of embelin and two therapeutic compounds of interest, methyl prednisolone and dexamethasone

The Influence of Adding Traditional Chinese Medicine on COVID-19 Patients’ Liver Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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