A High Capacity Watermarking Technique for the Printed Document

Huang, Kai; Tian, Xiaobo; Yu, Hongzhou; Yu, Min; Yin, Aiguo

doi:10.3390/electronics8121403

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In recent years, there has been an increase in the interest of researchers in the topic of watermarking algorithms that are resistant to digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversions, as well as conversions associated with the transition from one digital representation to another caused by shooting from the screen. Such algorithms designed for working with images can be divided into screen-cam or screen-shooting robust [18,19] and print-cam or print-scan robust [20,21].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved video watermarking algorithm with extraction using a mobile device camera

Evsutin,

Melman,

Podbolotov

et al. 2023

Computer Optics

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The use of screen-capture-resistant digital watermarks is a promising way to store information invisibly in a video stream for later retrieval by the user using a smartphone camera. However, the development of algorithms that implement this scenario is associated with the problem of balancing between the imperceptibility of embedding and robustness. A serious problem is the extraction of watermarks using a mobile device. Most people use the vertical positioning of the smartphone when shooting, which excludes the possibility of only marked video sequences entering the frame. The extraction algorithm first finds the screen area in the image and then extracts the watermark under various distortion conditions. This study proposes an approach to improve the efficiency of the algorithm for embedding digital watermarks into video data based on rectangular patterns, which provides resistance to screen shooting. The proposed approach to increasing the embedding imperceptibility provided an increase in the PSNR and SSIM values by 17.18 % and 7.90 %, respectively. The use of a neural network at the extraction stage reduced the BER value by 64.64 %.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved video watermarking algorithm with extraction using a mobile device camera

Evsutin,

Melman,

Podbolotov

et al. 2023

Computer Optics

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“…But the watermark capacity was low, and the embedding strength needed to be continuously adjusted. Huang et al [12] proposed a high-capacity text image watermarking technique against printing and scanning processes. Firstly, this method was based on the print-scan invariant.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Text Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Image Enhancement

Wang,

Shen,

Zhang

et al. 2023

CMC

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Digital watermarking technology is adequate for copyright protection and content authentication. There needs to be more research on the watermarking algorithm after printing and scanning. Aiming at the problem that existing anti-print scanning text image watermarking algorithms cannot take into account the invisibility and robustness of the watermark, an anti-print scanning watermarking algorithm suitable for text images is proposed. This algorithm first performs a series of image enhancement preprocessing operations on the printed scanned image to eliminate the interference of incorrect bit information on watermark embedding and then uses a combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to embed the watermark. Experiments show that the average Normalized Correlation (NC) of the watermark extracted by this algorithm against attacks such as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression, JPEG2000 compression, and print scanning is above 0.93. Especially, the average NC of the watermark extracted after print scanning attacks is greater than 0.964, and the average Bit Error Ratio (BER) is 5.15%. This indicates that this algorithm has strong resistance to various attacks and print scanning attacks and can better take into account the invisibility of the watermark.

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“…However, such methods are not suitable for PDF files since not all PDF files have color images or gray-scale images. Some watermarking schemes against print-scan attacks were proposed for text images [32][33][34][35][36]. Wu and Liu [35] developed a watermarking method by manipulating flippable pixels based on specific block-based relationships.…”

Section: Print-scan-resilient Watermarking Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust PDF Watermarking against Print–Scan Attack

Li,

Zhang,

Meng

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Portable document format (PDF) files are widely used in file transmission, exchange, and circulation because of their platform independence, small size, good browsing quality, and the ability to place hyperlinks. However, their security issues are also more thorny. It is common to distribute printed PDF files to different groups and individuals after printing. However, most PDF watermarking algorithms currently cannot resist print–scan attacks, making it difficult to apply them in leak tracing of both paper and scanned versions of PDF documents. To tackle this issue, we propose an invisible digital watermarking technology based on modifying the edge pixels of text strokes to hide information in PDFs, which achieves high robustness to print–scan attacks. Moreover, it cannot be detected by human perception systems. This method focuses on the representation of text by embedding watermarks by changing the features of the text to ensure that changes in these features can be reflected in the scanned PDF after printing. We first segment each text line into two sub-blocks, then select the row of pixels with the most black pixels, and flip the edge pixels closest to this row. This method requires the participation of original PDF documents in detection. The experimental results show that all peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values of our proposed method exceed 32 dB, which indicates satisfactory invisibility. Meanwhile, this method can extract the hidden information with 100% accuracy under the JPEG compression attack, and has high robustness against noise attacks and print–scan attacks. In the case of no attacks, the watermark can be recovered without any loss. In terms of practical applications, our method can be applied in the practical leak tracing of official paper documents after distribution.

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A High Capacity Watermarking Technique for the Printed Document

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

An improved video watermarking algorithm with extraction using a mobile device camera

An improved video watermarking algorithm with extraction using a mobile device camera

A Text Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Image Enhancement

Robust PDF Watermarking against Print–Scan Attack

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