A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and ENSO since AD 1550 from                 layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar

Brook, George A.; Rafter, Margaret A.; Railsback, L. Bruce; Sheen, Shaw-Wen; Lundberg, Joyce

doi:10.1191/095968399677907790

Cited by 90 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This seems to be supported by a number of other precipitation proxies from the West Pacific (Yan et al, 2011a) and East Pacific (Moy et al, 2002). Other precipitation proxies indicate a highly variable ENSO during the LIA, including two multi-decadal droughts in Java (Crausbay et al, 2006), high-amplitude rainfall fluctuations in Madagascar (Brook et al, 1999), and three southerly ITCZ excursions (Haug et al, 2001). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Was the Little Ice Age more or less El Niño-like than the Medieval Climate Anomaly? Evidence from hydrological and temperature proxy data

2017

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Abstract. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most important source of global climate variability on interannual timescales and has substantial environmental and socio-economic consequences. However, it is unclear how it interacts with large-scale climate states over longer (decadal to centennial) timescales. The instrumental ENSO record is too short for analysing long-term trends and variability and climate models are unable to accurately simulate past ENSO states. Proxy data are used to extend the record, but different proxy sources have produced dissimilar reconstructions of long-term ENSO-like climate change, with some evidence for a temperature-precipitation divergence in ENSO-like climate over the past millennium, in particular during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; AD ∼ 800-1300) and the Little Ice Age (LIA; AD ∼ 1400-1850). This throws into question the stability of the modern ENSO system and its links to the global climate, which has implications for future projections. Here we use a new statistical approach using weighting based on empirical orthogonal function (EOF) to create two new large-scale reconstructions of ENSOlike climate change derived independently from precipitation proxies and temperature proxies. The method is developed and validated using model-derived pseudo-proxy experiments that address the effects of proxy dating error, resolution, and noise to improve uncertainty estimations. We find no evidence that temperature and precipitation disagree over the ENSO-like state over the past millennium, but neither do they agree strongly. There is no statistically significant difference between the MCA and the LIA in either reconstruction. However, the temperature reconstruction suffers from a lack of high-quality proxy records located in ENSO-sensitive regions, which limits its ability to capture the large-scale ENSO signal. Further expansion of the palaeo-database and improvements to instrumental, satellite, and model representations of ENSO are needed to fully resolve the discrepancies found among proxy records and establish the long-term stability of this important mode of climatic variability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Was the Little Ice Age more or less El Niño-like than the Medieval Climate Anomaly? Evidence from hydrological and temperature proxy data

2017

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“…The most immediate signal is the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), or Indian Ocean zonal mode (Li et al, 2003;Zinke et al, 2004), but the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may also influence its climate (e.g., Brook et al, 1999). The IOD has been linked to Holocene climate variability in the tropical Indian Ocean (Abram et al, 2009;Tierney et al, 2013).…”

Section: Climate Of Madagascarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The IOD has been linked to Holocene climate variability in the tropical Indian Ocean (Abram et al, 2009;Tierney et al, 2013). However, its linkages to ENSO are still debated (e.g., Saji et al, 1999;Li et al, 2003;Lee and McPhaden, 2008;Brown et al, 2009;Schott et al, 2009;Shinoda et al, 2004;Venzke et al, 2000;Abram et al, 2008;Saji and Yagamata, 2003;Meyers et al, 2007). The complex interactions between these interannual climatic factors make them an ideal topic for further investigation using high-resolution records, and thus they will not be the focus of this paper.…”

Section: Climate Of Madagascarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Sediments and fossils from these caves have already provided many insights about the paleoenvironmental and archaeological history of NW Madagascar (e.g., Burney et al, 1997Burney et al, , 2004Brook et al, 1999;Gommery et al, 2011;Jungers et al, 2008;Vasey et al, 2013;Burns et al, 2016;Voarintsoa et al, 2017b). Anjohibe (S15 • 32 33.3 , E046 • 53 07.4 ) and Anjokipoty (S15 • 34'42.2 , E046 • 44 03.7 ) are about 16.5 km apart (Fig.…”

Section: Regional Environmental Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three distinct Holocene intervals of stalagmite deposition and nondeposition revealed in NW Madagascar, and their paleoclimate implications

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Petrographic features, mineralogy, and stable isotopes from two stalagmites, ANJB-2 and MAJ-5, respectively from Anjohibe and Anjokipoty caves, allow distinction of three intervals of the Holocene in NW Madagascar. The Malagasy early Holocene (between ca. 9.8 and 7.8 ka) and late Holocene (after ca. 1.6 ka) intervals (MEHI and MLHI, respectively) record evidence of stalagmite deposition. The Malagasy middle Holocene interval (MMHI, between ca. 7.8 and 1.6 ka) is marked by a depositional hiatus of ca. 6500 years.Deposition of these stalagmites indicates that the two caves were sufficiently supplied with water to allow stalagmite formation. This suggests that the MEHI and MLHI intervals may have been comparatively wet in NW Madagascar. In contrast, the long-term depositional hiatus during the MMHI implies it was relatively drier than the MEHI and the MLHI.The alternating wet-dry-wet conditions during the Holocene may have been linked to the long-term migrations of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). When the ITCZ's mean position is farther south, NW Madagascar experiences wetter conditions, such as during the MEHI and MLHI, and when it moves north, NW Madagascar climate becomes drier, such as during the MMHI. A similar wetdry-wet succession during the Holocene has been reported in neighboring locations, such as southeastern Africa. Beyond these three subdivisions, the records also suggest wet conditions around the cold 8.2 ka event, suggesting a causal relationship. However, additional Southern Hemisphere highresolution data will be needed to confirm this.

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“…Nano-SIMS LA-ICP Roberts et al, 1998;Baldini et al, 2002;Fairchild and Treble, 2009;Smith et al, 2009Brook et al, 1999Rasbury andAharon, 2006 Paulsen et al, 2003;Cruz et al, 2005a;Wan et al, 2011 Knudsen …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles and development of the stalagmite paleoclimatology

Kano

2012

Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan

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A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and ENSO since AD 1550 from layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar

Cited by 90 publications

References 32 publications

Was the Little Ice Age more or less El Niño-like than the Medieval Climate Anomaly? Evidence from hydrological and temperature proxy data

Was the Little Ice Age more or less El Niño-like than the Medieval Climate Anomaly? Evidence from hydrological and temperature proxy data

Three distinct Holocene intervals of stalagmite deposition and nondeposition revealed in NW Madagascar, and their paleoclimate implications

Principles and development of the stalagmite paleoclimatology

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