A Histochemical Model of the Amyloid Fibril

Cooper, John H.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3284-8_127

Cited by 1 publication

(8 citation statements)

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“…These data demonstrated that some of the stains used for the detection of the amyloid deposit were specifi c for amyloid while others were specifi c for the associated materials. These fi ndings were confi rmed and extended upon by Cooper (1969Cooper ( , 1974Cooper ( , 1981. Therefore, it seems that substances inducing the iodine reaction, which gave the amyloid its name, may not be part of the fi bril.…”

Section: Staining Of Amyloid Before 1922mentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Thus, the more precise view would be that amyloid is characterized by the "colored birefringence" (Cooper, 1981). As can be seen in Figure 11.1-3b; see color insert, the polarization colors yellow, orange, and red are all as specifi c for amyloid as is the green color.…”

Section: Concerning the Value Of The Green Polarization Colormentioning

confidence: 97%

“…To circumvent this problem we fi rst had to demonstrate CR binding by using the CRF (Linke, 2000). The verifi cation of the CR binding then demanded the preparation of tissue sections having standard size for the demonstration of the colored birefringence after CR staining because CR binding alone cannot prove the presence of amyloid (Cooper, 1969(Cooper, , 1981(Cooper, , 1991Glenner, 1981). CR binding could be verifi ed in our hands by CRF to a thickness of approximately 0.1 µm.…”

Section: Colored Anisotropy After Binding Of Crmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Puchtler et al (1962Puchtler et al ( , 1964 and Cooper (1969Cooper ( , 1974Cooper ( , 1981 have examined and summarized the data on the binding of CR. It is accepted that ionic factors, and to some degree hydrogen bonds, have been eliminated by the Puchtler staining solution of saturated salt, alkaline, and high percent ethanol.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Cr Binding To Amyloidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the CR procedure as an initial diagnostic method, and its recent improvements for identifying as well as further classifying the amyloidoses are discussed here in particular. Some reviews will be cited concerning very early concepts of amyloid (Puchtler and Sweat, 1966), and the use of various stains, in particular CR (Puchtler et al, 1985;Cooper, 1981;Glenner, 1981;Westermark et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Congo Red Staining of Amyloid: Improvements and Practical Guide for a More Precise Diagnosis of Amyloid and the Different Amyloidoses

Linke

Protein Reviews

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Congo red (CR) is the most popular dye used as a probe for diagnosing amyloidosis, a very heterogeneous group of diseases with more than 23 chemically different amyloid syndromes of men and animals, leading to more than 400 different individual diseases. Congo red binding increases the natural anisotropy of amyloid, indicating that the elongated and planar CR molecules are aligned parallel to the axis of the amyloid α fi brila and to each other, thereby revealing a structure of amyloid. This structure was established to represent fi brils of similar dimensions, although the amyloid fi brils can be composed of many unrelated proteins. This CR-induced (positive) anisotropy displaying a green color is the hallmark of all amyloids, and is therefore used in the diagnosis of amyloidosis. The specifi city of this criterion, however, is based on very stringent conditions of staining and evaluation. This review will focus on the understanding of the CR staining procedure, its mechanism and, in particular, on its recent practical improvements by increasing the sensitivity of the CR procedure, so that minute and the earliest amyloid deposits in the course of amyloidosis can now be reliably detected in patients. This enables a very early diagnosis in the course of the disease before irreversible organ damage might have occurred, and widens the options for a successful therapy. In addition, the central role of the CR diagnostic procedure and evasion of common pitfalls in arriving at a pathogenetically exact classifi cation must only be based on the chemical nature of the amyloid deposits and not on the soluble precursors of the many different amyloidoses will be highlighted. The proposed bench-tobedside algorithm will enable the physician to arrive at the exact diagnosis for therapeutic considerations. Finally, some possible future applications of CR and analogues will be presented.

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Section: Staining Of Amyloid Before 1922mentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Concerning the Value Of The Green Polarization Colormentioning

confidence: 97%