A holistic review on Cryptococcus neoformans

Rathore, Sudarshan Singh; Sathiyamoorthy, Jananishree; Cheepurupalli, Lalitha; Ramakrishnan, Jayapradha

doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105521

Cited by 49 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 251 publications

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“…were distinguished by serotype with serotypes A, B and C recognized two decades before serotype D [ 9 ]. Serotyping initially used rabbit sera to react with capsular polysaccharides before moving on to PCR targeting the laccase gene ( LAC1 ) and capsule gene ( CAP64 ) [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Serotypes A and D are both Cryptococcus neoformans : A is C. neoformans var grubii and D is var neoformans .…”

Section: Latest On Taxonomy and Molecular Epidemiology Of Cryptococcusmentioning

confidence: 99%

What’s New in Cryptococcus gattii: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond

Beardsley

Dao

Keighley

et al. 2022

JoF

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Cryptococcus species are a major cause of life-threatening infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. While most disease is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, a genotypically and phenotypically distinct species, is responsible for 11–33% of global cases of cryptococcosis. Despite best treatment, C. gattii infections are associated with early mortality rates of 10–25%. The World Health Organization’s recently released Fungal Priority Pathogen List classified C. gattii as a medium-priority pathogen due to the lack of effective therapies and robust clinical and epidemiological data. This narrative review summarizes the latest research on the taxonomy, epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory testing, and management of C. gattii infections.

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Section: Latest On Taxonomy and Molecular Epidemiology Of Cryptococcusmentioning

confidence: 99%

What’s New in Cryptococcus gattii: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond

Beardsley

Dao

Keighley

et al. 2022

JoF

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“…and, to a lesser extent, < 1%, mannoproteins (MPs), is the most prominent virulence determinant 32) . This capsule restricts recognition by the immune system 33) . GXM from C. neoformans inhibits TNF-α and IL-1 β production and induces IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) production from monocytes 34) .…”

Section: Galxmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GXM from C. neoformans inhibits TNF-α and IL-1 β production and induces IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) production from monocytes 34) . In addition to these features, GXM from C. deneoformans and C. neoformans induces macrophage apoptosis mediated by Fas ligands and prevents activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes (one of the NLRs), respectively 17,33) . GXM from C. neoformans was recognized by TLR2 and TLR4 in vitro 35) , but these receptors were not required for significant clearance of C. neoformans in vivo [36][37][38] .…”

Section: Galxmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PAMPs and Host Immune Response in Cryptococcal Infection

Sato

Kawakami

2022

Medical Mycology Journal

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Cryptococcus spp. are yeast-type opportunistic fungal pathogens with thick polysaccharide capsules that infect the lungs via airborne routes and frequently cause fatal meningoencephalitis. The cellular immune mechanism plays a central role in controlling cryptococcal infection and is critically regulated by Th1-Th2 immune balance. Pathogens that have invaded the host are recognized by innate immune cells, and appropriate immune responses are initiated. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by macrophages and dendritic cells via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which trigger the inflammatory responses as the first line of host defense. Some PRRs, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), are involved in the recognition of cryptococcal components, such as glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), mannoproteins (MPs), and nucleic acids. However, some cryptococcal cell components suppress the host immune response. This review will highlight the cryptococcal components involved in host immune responses. Future research is expected to promote the understanding of the mechanism of host immune response to Cryptococcus, which will lead to the development of new vaccines and therapies for cryptococcal infection.

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“…Apesar da figura contraditória na sociedade moderna a respeito dos pombos da espécie Columba livia, entende-se a ligação zoonótico em contato estreito com a população humana. Essa proximidade permite que a população humana esteja mais exposta a patógenos que podem ser conduzidos por pombos, inserindo àqueles adquiridos de outras aves de vida livre como papagaios, perus e galinhas (Rathore et al, 2022;Santos, 2014;Witt et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Incidência de criptococose em pombos (Columba livia) e seu impacto na saúde pública em Porto Velho/RO

Rodrigues

Moraes

Mesquita

2022

RSD

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A aparição de pombos em locais com grande circulação de pessoas torna-se um grave problema à saúde, já que podem surgir doenças como criptococose, doença infecciosa fúngica potencialmente fatal e cosmopolita, causada pelo fungo Cryptococcus neoformans, encontrado em excretas de aves, especialmente de pombos, o ecossistema urbano tem se tornado propício para permanência destas aves, tornando-se um problema ambiental e de saúde pública. Mediante esse fato, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a incidência de Criptococcus neoformans em fezes de pombos na cidade de Porto Velho. As coletas foram realizadas em três locais estratégicos na cidade de Porto Velho e no Campus da Universidade federal de Rondônia. As amostras foram preservadas em formol e analisadas no Centro Interdepartamental de Biologia Experimental e Biotecnologia (CIBEBI) através de técnicas de exames parasitológicos de fezes (EPF) pelo método sedimentação espontânea e flutuação por densidade. Para análise, as lâminas com amostras foram submetidas a duas formas de coloração, com lugol e tinta china, observação morfológica em microscopia óptica com aumento de 100x e 400x. Os resultados confirmam o método de sedimentação como mais indicado e a coloração com tinta china o mais específico para diagnóstico. Foi identificado Cryptococcus neoformans em 25% das amostras, tanto em locais urbanos como periurbanos. Portanto, conclui-se que a população está exposta a contaminação em ambientes públicos, sendo necessária uma política de análise diagnóstica em unidades de saúde para que as infecções por fungos não sejam negligenciadas.

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A holistic review on Cryptococcus neoformans

Cited by 49 publications

References 251 publications

What’s New in Cryptococcus gattii: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond

What’s New in Cryptococcus gattii: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond

PAMPs and Host Immune Response in Cryptococcal Infection

Incidência de criptococose em pombos (Columba livia) e seu impacto na saúde pública em Porto Velho/RO

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