“…smart sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), cyber-physical system (CPS), digital-twin (DT), virtual-/ augmented-reality (VR/AR), artificial intelligence (AI)) enable most of the components in a smart PSS to be perceptible, communicable, diagnosable, interpretable, predictable, controllable and optimizable (Chen et al, 2020a;Siow et al, 2018;Rymaszewska et al, 2017). These critical characteristics empower the smart PSS present higher potential to agilely satisfy the dynamic requirements or needs of various multiple stakeholders (Chowdhury et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2020b) and flexibly response to the rapid changes in the external environment (Saunila et al, 2019). Although the potential of smart PSS to meet personalized requirements has been widely acknowledged (Valencia et al, 2015;Lerch and Gotsch, 2015;Chang et al, 2019), it does not imply that smart PSS would inherently have this capability.…”