A Hybrid Method for Fast and Efficient Evaluation of Electromagnetic Performance of the Radome-Enclosed Antennas

Fast and Efficient Analysis of Receiving Antennas Enclosed by Variable‐Thickness Radome

“…Figure 2 illustrates the physical mechanism of mutual couplings between the antenna and radome in a receiving REA system, which is much different from that occurs in the transmitting mode as stated in Ke et al (2022).…”

“…The forward RT is needed in the computation of the excitation fields for the antenna region and starts at the outmost surface S o of the radome, and the initial angle of incidence θ 1 is obtained from the direction of the incident plane wave $$\left({\vec{E}}^{i},\ {\vec{H}}^{i}\right)$$ and the shape of S o ; while the backward RT process is required in the computation of the induced equivalent EM currents on the radome's innermost surface S i due to the re‐radiated fields from the antenna region and the reflected fields from S i , and the RT starts at S i and ends at S o . Unlike the above process, only the backward RT is needed to perform once for the analysis of the REA system in transmitting mode (Ke et al., 2022).…”

“…In Equations 2 and 3, 𝐴𝐴 𝐴 𝐴𝐴 is the outwarded unit normal on S i and S b and the integral-differential operators L and K are defined the same as in Chew et al (2001) , the ABCD matrix and the MSI method are used (Ke et al, 2022;Kozakoff, 2010;Wang et al, 2014) and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) can be further utilized to facilitate the process.…”

“…However, in most of the existing methods, only the properties of the REA in transmitting mode are studied extensively (Ke et al., 2022; Meng & Dou, 2009; Schuster & Sabielny, 2012), but how radomes alter the performance of receiving antenna is seldom considered. Regarding the importance of EM analysis of the receiving REA system in direction finding, guidance, and homing applications, the authors have recently proposed a new method that uses the integral equation (IE) method in conjunction with the modified surface integration (MSI) method to calculate the receiving port voltage of the antenna in the presence of radomes (Wang et al., 2014, 2017).…”

“…Many techniques, including the accurate numerical approaches (Gordon & Mittra, 1993; He, 2008; He et al., 2007; Lu & Chew, 2000; Ylä‐Oijala et al., 2005; You et al., 2014), the high‐frequency approximate methods (Nair & Jha, 2009; Paris, 1970; Schuster & Sabielny, 2012; Shifflett, 1997; Yazeen et al., 2017), and the hybrid schemes (Ke et al., 2022; Meng & Dou, 2009; Moneum et al., 2001; Nie et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2014, 2017), have been proposed to analyze the REA system. However, due to the large electrical size and multi‐scale feature of the REA system, the full‐wave methods are often time‐consuming and inefficient even when fast algorithms are utilized.…”