A lay doctor’s guide to the inflammatory process in the gastrointestinal tract

Pathmakanthan, Shri; Hawkey, Christopher J.

doi:10.1136/pmj.76.900.611

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…When activated, intestinal macrophages and phagocytes can also release proteases, oxygen radicals, and nitrogen metabolites (e.g. NO 2 − ) which can cause damage to the intestine (Pathmakanthan and Hawkey 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysozyme transgenic goats’ milk positively impacts intestinal cytokine expression and morphology

et al. 2011

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In addition to its well-recognized antimicrobial properties, lysozyme can also modulate the inflammatory response. This ability may be particularly important in the gastrointestinal tract where inappropriate inflammatory reactions can damage the intestinal epithelium, leading to significant health problems. The consumption of milk from transgenic goats producing human lysozyme (hLZ) in their milk therefore has the potential to positively impact intestinal health. In order to investigate the effect of hLZ-containing milk on the inflammatory response, young pigs were fed pasteurized milk from hLZ or non-transgenic control goats and quantitative real-time PCR was performed to assess local expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and TGF-β1 in the small intestine. Histological changes were also investigated, specifically looking at villi width, length, crypt depth, and lamina propria thickness along with cell counts for intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells. Significantly higher expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 was seen in the ileum of pigs fed pasteurized milk containing hLZ (P = 0.0478), along with an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes (P = 0.0255), and decrease in lamina propria thickness in the duodenum (P = 0.0001). Based on these results we conclude that consuming pasteurized milk containing hLZ does not induce an inflammatory response and improves the health of the small intestine in pigs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysozyme transgenic goats’ milk positively impacts intestinal cytokine expression and morphology

et al. 2011

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“…Macrophages participate in natural innate immunity by phagocytizing and degrading antibody-coated and complement-opsonized foreign particles such as microbes and antigens, as well as by killing microbes through secretion of enzymes, reactive oxygen radicals, and lipid-derived mediators (Pathmakanthan & Hawkey, 2000). Macrophages are also the principal effector cells of cell-mediated immunity secreting a host of cytokines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabbit conjunctivae edema and release of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β from macrophages induced by fractions and esculentosides isolated fromPhytolacca americana

Yu¹,

Gong²,

Wang³

et al. 2015

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Context: The roots of Phytolacca americana L. (Phytolaccaceae) may be toxic. Despite heated controversy over the toxic compounds of P. americana, especially esculentosides, relevant studies remain scarce. Objective: The objective of this study is to screen the toxic fractions and compounds of P. americana, to determine the controlling indices, and to provide evidence for unraveling the mechanism. Materials and methods: Petroleum ether (PE), CH 2 Cl 2 , n-BuOH, and water fractions were isolated from 70% ethanol extract of P. americana. The n-BuOH fraction was dissolved in 50% ethanol and precipitated by adding ethyl ether. The resultant supernatants and precipitates were referred to as SUPs and SEDs fractions, respectively. SUPs fraction was separated by column chromatography into four main stimulating esculentosides that were identified by HR-ESI/MS and NMR as EsA, EsB, EsC, and EsF. The irritating effects of esculentosides on rabbit conjunctivae (500 mg/eye) was observed by pathological examination and those on macrophages (5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) were evaluated by detecting changes of NO, TNF-a, and IL-1b levels. Results and discussion: n-BuOH, SUP fractions, and EsC induced severe conjunctival edema. The four esculentosides induced dose-dependent releases of proinflammatory mediators NO, TNF-a, and IL-1b from macrophages, and releasing amounts peaked after 2 h of treatment. EsC and EsF induced macrophages to release mediators most significantly. EsC (50 mg/mL) functioned more effectively than EsF did, and similarly n-BuOH and SUPs fractions functioned more effectively than the esculentoside mixture. Thus, the four esculentosides exerted proinflammatory effects synergistically. Conclusion: All extracted esculentosides, especially EsC, induced inflammatory stimulation. Phytolacca americana-induced irritation of the gastrointestinal tract may be associated with esculentosides such as EsC.

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“…Prostaglandins are twenty-carbon fatty acid derivatives and peptido-fatty acids derived from membrane phospholipids via the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) (Pathmakanthan & Hawkey, 2000). They generally act in an autocrine and paracrine manner.…”

Section: Mediators Derived From the Action Of Cyclooxygenase: Prostagmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoinflammatory responses in gastrointestinal tract injury and recovery.

et al. 2013

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Inflammation is a non-specific immune response to infection, irritation or other injury, the key features being redness, warmth, swelling and pain. A number of mediators are released which alter the resistance of mucosa to injury induced by noxious substances. Oxidative stress is a unifying mechanism of injury in many types of disease processes, including gastrointestinal diseases. It has been defined as an imbalance in the activity of pro and antioxidants. Pro-oxidants favour free radical formation while antioxidants inhibit or retard the same. A number of markers of oxidative stress have been identified. This review provides an overview of various mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress, and diverse approaches for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation.

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A lay doctor’s guide to the inflammatory process in the gastrointestinal tract

Cited by 7 publications

References 51 publications

Lysozyme transgenic goats’ milk positively impacts intestinal cytokine expression and morphology

Lysozyme transgenic goats’ milk positively impacts intestinal cytokine expression and morphology

Rabbit conjunctivae edema and release of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β from macrophages induced by fractions and esculentosides isolated fromPhytolacca americana

Immunoinflammatory responses in gastrointestinal tract injury and recovery.

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