A liquid crystal microlens obtained with a non-uniform electric field

A focus-switchable lens made of polymer–liquid crystal composite

“…One is to use the patterned electrodes. Several kinds of LC lenses with specially designed electrodes structures have been reported previously [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. With these special electrodes, an inhomogeneous electric field is generated, and LC director will align along the field direction; thus, a tunable lens is formed.…”

Polarizer-free imaging using reference image for liquid crystal lens

“…Electrically tunable liquid crystal (LC) lens [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] has been intensely researched for decades. When the LC lens is applied with an electric field, the LC director rotates for an angle of θ, and the the o-wave remains unchanged with θ, that is, the LC lens does not tune the o-wave.…”

Variable Focal Length Lens Based on Polymer-Stabilized Nematic Liquid Crystals

“…In order to create lens-like distribution of the refractive index in the flat layer of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) a spatially distributed electric field is usually used to induce suitable configuration of the nematic director [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Surface relief microlenses may be also immersed in the standard NLC-cell [7].…”