A meta-analysis on 2D:4D and athletic prowess: Substantial relationships but neither hand out-predicts the other

Hönekopp, Johannes; Schuster, M.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.009

Cited by 171 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Manning (2002) and Lutchmaya et al (2004) found that the 2D:4D ratios of the both hands of the males were lower than those of the females. The results of the studies are similar and they support the findings in the literature regarding the fact that the negative correlation between 2D:4D ratios and prenatal testosterone is higher in males than females (Manning et al, 1998;Hönekopp and Schuster, 2010;Gökbel et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…It is suggested that prenatal testosterone has a negative correlation with 2D:4D; on the other hand, prenatal estrogen has a positive correlation with 2D:4D (Manning et al, 1998). This relationship is negatively correlated with sportive performance Hönekopp and Schuster , 2010). The average of 2D:4D in males is lower than that of females (Manning et al, 1998;Van Honka et al, 2011;Hönekopp and Watson , 2011;Phelps, 1952).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2D: 4D, Lateralization and Strength in Handball Players

Eler¹,

Eler²

2018

JETS

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Lateralization, which is also known as hand preference, and 2D:4D finger ratio is a sign of prenatal testosterone and known to be associated with strength. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between 2D: 4D, lateralization and hand grip strength in relation to hand and forearm that are thought to be effective in handball in elite handball players. 67 female and 67 male elite players participated in this study. The height, weight, body-mass index and hand preference of these athletes have been identified and 2D: 4D finger measurements and hand grip strength tests were performed. When identifying the preferences regarding lateralization, the hand distribution preference was determined by the Oldfield questionnaire and evaluated using the Geschwind score. After photocopy images of the two hands of the athletes were taken, their finger lengths were measured Hand grip strength was determined by a Jamar hydraulic dynamometer. Strong correlation was found especially between 2D: 4D and dominant hand grip strength in male and female elite handball players. The ratio of left-handedness due to the positions of players during the game among male and female athletes has been found to be higher than that of the general population. With regard to gender, 2D: 4D was found to be lower in males than females but hand grip was found to be higher in males than females. Besides, a significant correlation between height and BMI with 2D:4D, sport age, height, body weight and hand grip strength was found. This study emphasizes the importance of 2D: 4D, handgrip strength and hand preference in handball.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2D: 4D, Lateralization and Strength in Handball Players

Eler¹,

Eler²

2018

JETS

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“…While indirect methods are considerably more practical, they increase the measurement error associated with 2D:4D estimation and further weaken the correlation with early hormonal exposure. For all these reasons, associations between digit ratios and behavioral traits can be expected to be rather small in size; a notable exception is the association between 2D:4D and measures of athletic prowess, with a meta-analytic effect size of about r= −0.26 (Hönekopp and Schuster 2010).…”

Section: The 2d:4d Digit Ratio As a Marker Of Early Exposure To Sex Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Attachment Styles in Middle Childhood: Indirect Evidence for an Organizational Effect of Sex Hormones

Giudice

Angeleri

2015

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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Sex differences in attachment are absent during infancy and early childhood, emerge in middle childhood with self-reports and doll-play tasks, and persist into adulthood, when they are most reliably detected in romantic attachment styles. In our previous work, we hypothesized that sex differences in attachment develop under the influence of adrenal androgens during the transition form early to middle childhood, following activation of hormone-sensitive neural pathways organized by prenatal and early postnatal exposure to sex hormones. In this study we tested the association between the right-hand 2D:4D digit ratio (a marker of early exposure to androgens and estrogen) and sexually differentiated dimensions of attachment in middle childhood assessed with the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). In a sample of 285 Italian children aged 8-10 years, females scored lower in avoidance and higher in preoccupation, while no significant sex differences were observed in felt security. Consistent with our predictions, higher (feminized) digit ratios were significantly associated with lower avoidance and higher preoccupation scores in both males and females. In contrast, there was no significant association between digit ratio and felt security in either sex. These results corroborate the hypothesis that sex differences in attachment reflect the activation of sexually differentiated pathways organized in early development, and for the first time implicate sex hormones in the development of individual differences in attachment styles.

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“…The fact that 2D:4D ratio is negatively associated with physical strength and sportive performance (Hönekopp & Schuster, 2010), it can be explained as a biological marker for performance in various sports (Manning et al 1998;Hönekopp & Schuster, 2010). The ratio of finger lengths to each other was determined in the mother's womb and did not change in the adolescent period or in the adult period (Çelik et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) With Cerebral Lateralization and Grip Strength in Elite Swimmers

Acar

Eler

2018

JETS

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The index finger and the 4th finger ratio (2D:4D) is the indicator of the prenatal testosterone. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D, hand preference and hand grip strength in swimmers. A total of 80 elite swimmers, participated in the study. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), hand 2D:4D finger measurements and hand grip strength tests were performed for athletes. The hand preference was determined by the Oldfield questionnaire and it was evaluated according to the Geschwind score. The data were recorded in the SPSS 20 program and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. It was found that in both men and women, a negative correlation was found between right and left hand 2D:4D and both dominant (DHGS) and non-dominant hand grip strength (NDHGS) values. It was found that men had lower 2D:4D ratio than women. For both right and left handed, there was a statistically significant difference between the right and left hand 2D:4D ratios in both men and women (p<0.05) and the dominant hand (DH) 2D:4D ratios were found to be lower than non-dominant hand (NDH) 2D:4D ratios in both men and women (p<0.05) It can be said that the 2D:4D ratios may be the effect of determining the hand preference, the grip strength and therefore the strength.

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A meta-analysis on 2D:4D and athletic prowess: Substantial relationships but neither hand out-predicts the other

Cited by 171 publications

References 65 publications

2D: 4D, Lateralization and Strength in Handball Players

2D: 4D, Lateralization and Strength in Handball Players

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Attachment Styles in Middle Childhood: Indirect Evidence for an Organizational Effect of Sex Hormones

The Relationship of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) With Cerebral Lateralization and Grip Strength in Elite Swimmers

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