“…Apart from these documents and connex initiatives, the EU also introduced the Schengen Information System, Visa Information System, and FRONTEX by the end of 2004 to curb uncontrolled or illegal migration (Meszaros, 2017;Neal, 2009). Additionally, these measures promoting more skilled a higher quality labour immigration, particularly in terms of voluntary economic movements, allowed Brussels to securitise international flows relatively (Demirkol, 2022;Štefančík et al, 2022;Štefančík et al, 2021). Coupled with several member states adopting harsher regulations over the years, backed by a populist rise, this environment created a paradoxical situation where, on the one hand, there is the adoption of an entire suite of initiatives aimed at promoting and sustaining international migration or enabling development in origin countries.…”