“…Acknowledging to the above deficiency, some scientists have attempted to address the time dependent deformation in tunnel excavation through analytical approach. Various viscoelastic models such as the time-dependent displacement model , the time-displacement interaction model between rock and shotcrete support (Pan et al, 1994) and the stress and displacement model in viscoelastic axisymmetric plane (Wang and Nie, 2010) have been proposed to explore and estimate the time dependent deformation in tunneling. However, in order to reduce the complexity in calculation and variation due to various assumptions found in the equations, Fortsakis and Kavvadas (2009) tried another approach to estimate the time dependent ground parameters and behavior through back analysis of tunnel convergence data.…”