A Modified Schirmer Test in Dry Eye and Normal Subjects: Open Versus Closed Eye and 1-Minute Versus 5-Minute Tests

Kashkouli, Mohsen Bahmani; Pakdel, Farzad; Amani, Afsaneh; Asefi, M.; Aghai, Gholam Hosseyn; Falavarjani, Khalil Ghasemi

doi:10.1097/ico.0b013e3181ba6ef3

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…A variation is the Schirmer II test, which uses topical anesthesia and only measures reflex tears using stimulation with a cotton tip applicator. A shorter one-minute Schirmer test was found to decrease eye discomfort as well as save time 20. The Schirmer test is more reproducible in more advanced cases of dry eye disease 21.…”

Section: Current Methods Of Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 89%

Diagnosis of dry eye disease and emerging technologies

Zeev¹,

Miller²,

Latkany³

2014

OPTH

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Dry eye is one of the most commonly encountered problems in ophthalmology. Signs can include punctate epithelial erosions, hyperemia, low tear lakes, rapid tear break-up time, and meibomian gland disease. Current methods of diagnosis include a slit-lamp examination with and without different stains, including fluorescein, rose bengal, and lissamine green. Other methods are the Schirmer test, tear function index, tear break-up time, and functional visual acuity. Emerging technologies include meniscometry, optical coherence tomography, tear film stability analysis, interferometry, tear osmolarity, the tear film normalization test, ocular surface thermography, and tear biomarkers. Patient-specific considerations involve relevant history of autoimmune disease, refractive surgery or use of oral medications, and allergies or rosacea. Other patient considerations include clinical examination for lid margin disease and presence of lagophthalmos or blink abnormalities. Given a complex presentation and a variety of signs and symptoms, it would be beneficial if there was an inexpensive, readily available, and reproducible diagnostic test for dry eye.

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Section: Current Methods Of Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 89%

Diagnosis of dry eye disease and emerging technologies

Zeev¹,

Miller²,

Latkany³

2014

OPTH

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“…9 Several strategies have been employed in an attempt to reduce this patient discomfort, including reducing the test duration from 5 minutes to 1 or 2 minutes. 7,[9][10][11] Poor reproducibility is another commonly cited weakness when discussing the ST. 10,12,13 It is believed that the stimulation of reflex tearing by the filter paper causes a variation in the rate of wetting of the Schirmer strip. 9,12,14,15 An alternative method of Schirmer testing employs a topical anesthetic instilled on to the ocular surface before application of the filter paper strip.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Humidity on Tests of Tear Production

Buckmaster

Pearce

2016

Cornea

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Patients with severe dry eye disease produce Schirmer test results which are unaffected by environmental humidity. However, patients with moderate Schirmer wetting lengths may be falsely diagnosed as having dry eye disease if their test is undertaken in a low-humidity environment. This phenomenon may be overcome with the use of plastic sheathing. Previous studies investigating the effects of environmental conditions on the tear film may have been affected by this phenomenon.

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“…In humans, possible mechanisms for higher STT values with open eyes are influence by external factors such as temperature, evaporation, and humidity [7–9]. It is also possible that the human cornea is more sensitive than the equine cornea thus producing more tears.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of the Schirmer tear test performed with open and closed eyes in clinically normal horses

Trbolová

Ghaffari

2017

Acta Vet Scand

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BackgroundThe Schirmer tear test (STT) is widely used in both human and veterinary ophthalmology. Two types of STTs have been developed: STT I and SST II. The STT I measures the basal and reflex tear production and is the most widely used STT. However, several factors influence the STT results such as the person performing the test and the location of the strip placement within the conjunctival sac. The aim of this study was to measure the basal and reflex tear production (STT I) in clinically normal horses with open versus closed eyes.ResultsForty clinically healthy horses without any ocular diseases were included. On day 1, the STT I was first performed on all the horses with the eyes open followed by an STT I with closed eyes performed 30 min later. On day 2, all horses had their eyes closed during the first STT and the eyes open during the second test performed 30 min later. The mean value of the STTs performed on open eye was significantly less than the STT performed on closed eye on both days of examination.ConclusionThis study showed a small but statistically significant difference between STT values obtained with open versus closed eyes in clinically normal horses.

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A Modified Schirmer Test in Dry Eye and Normal Subjects: Open Versus Closed Eye and 1-Minute Versus 5-Minute Tests

Abstract: Faster and more comfortable ST (1-minute) is a reliable test to calculate the 5-minute ST in both open and closed eyes, using the provided equations. The 1-minute STc is not a reliable test to calculate the 5-minute STo.

Cited by 28 publications

References 10 publications

Diagnosis of dry eye disease and emerging technologies

Diagnosis of dry eye disease and emerging technologies

Effects of Humidity on Tests of Tear Production

Results of the Schirmer tear test performed with open and closed eyes in clinically normal horses

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