A Molecular Communication Perspective on Airborne Pathogen Transmission and Reception via Droplets Generated by Coughing and Sneezing

Abstract

Infectious diseases spread via pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Airborne pathogen transmission via droplets is an important mode for infectious diseases. In this paper, the spreading mechanism of infectious diseases by airborne pathogen transmission between two humans is modeled with a molecular communication perspective. An end-to-end system model which considers the pathogen-laden cough/sneeze droplets as the input and the infection state of the human as the output is proposed. This model uses the gravity, initial velocity and buoyancy for the propagation of droplets and a receiver model which considers the central part of the human face as the reception interface is proposed. Furthermore, the probability of infection for an uninfected human is derived by modeling the number of propagating droplets as a random process. The numerical results reveal that exposure time affects the probability of infection. In addition, the social distance for a horizontal cough should be at least 1.7 m and the safe coughing angle of a coughing human to infect less people should be less than −25 • .

A Screen-Printed Metal Hybrid Composite for Wireless Wind Sensing

“…Wind sensing has been utilized in various fields, including in the determination of drying rates [ 1 , 2 ], pollen propagation [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], pathogen propagation [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], air conditioning strategy design [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], and wind turbine operations [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. To measure wind velocity, traditional measuring mechanisms are widely used, such as vane and cup anemometers [ 15 , 16 , 17 ] and acoustic anemometers [ 18 ].…”

Resource Allocation for Multiuser Molecular Communication Systems Oriented to the Internet of Medical Things

“…On the other hand, as an interdisciplinary communication mode, MC is capable of serving biomedical fields, such as targeted drug delivery [10] , [11] , disease diagnosis [12] , [13] , and health monitoring [14] – [16] . Moreover, during the outbreak of COVID-19, MC can also be employed as an effective tool to model the spread of infections and diseases via aerosols [17] – [20] . In this context, MC can pave the way for IoMT in the nanolayer.…”

Duality Between Coronavirus Transmission and Air-Based Macroscopic Molecular Communication

“…Even more recently and independent of the presented work, the biosensor-based detector is replaced by an absorbing detector in the form of a healthy human located at a certain distance from the emitter [38] . That way, the spreading mechanism of infectious diseases by airborne pathogen transmission between two humans could be modeled for the first time using the principles of MC.…”