“…MPM was first introduced into computer graphics by Stomakhin et al 9 to simulate snow. Due to its excellent physical accuracy and natural support for topology changes, MPM has been extensively applied to simulate various phenomena including sand, 21 lava, 22 viscoelastic/viscoplastic foam, 23,24 cloth, 25 fracture, 10,11,26 magnetized material, 27 multi‐species coupling, 3,4,28 even hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity 29 . In order to address the significant numerical dissipation in MPM, affine particle‐in‐cell (APIC) 30 incorporated a local velocity gradient to preserve the momentum of particles, and Fei et al 31 further improved it with several advection strategies.…”