A monograph of the British fossil bivalved Entomostraca from the Carboniferous formations. Part 1, The Cypridinadæ and their allies by T. Rupert Jones, James W. Kirkby and George S. Brady

Abstract

The classification of the very numerous Bivalved Entomostraca found in the Carboniferous Limestones, Shales, and Ironstones, and submitted to our examination by numerous friends and correspondents, has been no easy task. Much as, at first sight, the fossil oval carapace-valves, notched on the anterior edge, may resemble some of the existing Cypridinadcs , we have to recollect that, even among the latter, generic discrimination by means of the shell (test or bivalved carapace) is almost impossible. So great is the modification of the shape of valves in any one group, and so little is the persistency among them of any one feature or character, or any set of features, that, except in a very general manner, we may not even take either the "notch" or the contour as a guide, not knowing the soft parts of the animal, remarkable as the similarity may sometimes be between the old and the modern shells. It is impossible to group many even of the recent " notched " forms under the genus Cypridina, in accordance with the requirements of natural classification, by regarding only one character; for from the limbs and other organs are taken the main features of distinction between Cypridina, Philomedes, Bradycinetiis, and Asterope, all formerly groupe'd as CypridincB. Evidently, therefore, we cannot say for certain that the extremely old Cypridinadce of the Carboniferous Period, which preceded those of our day by countless generations, susceptible of numberless variations, are generically the same as those now living. To escape this difficulty, and not to fall into error, we once thought of adopting such a term as " Cypridinopsis " for all these Cypridina-like forms, whether really allied to one more than to another of the genera above alluded to-relationships which the absence of the limbs prevents us from defining with exactness. But several subgeneric terms A Koninck's Cypridina Udtvarchiana is a CyprideUa, his Cypridina anmdata a Cyprella, and his Cyjmdina concentrica an Entomis, and that numerous Cytkera (Tertiary and Cretaceous) were formerly called " Cypridinge," we must draw attention (as we have elsewhere) to the fact that none of the Devonian " Cypridinse " which have given a name to a formation (" Cypridinen-Schiefer/' &c.) are Cypridince, but for the most part Entomides, &c. See also " Palaeoz. Biv. Entom./' Geol. Assoc., 1869, p. 4. On the other hand, M. Bosquet's Cyprella ovidata and C. Konincliiarm, from the

Ostracods from freshwater and brackish environments of the Carboniferous of the Midland Valley of Scotland: the early colonization of terrestrial water bodies

“…Cavellina valida (topotypes designated herein as NHM OS 7346 and OS 7347, fig. d in Brady, 1884 andRobinson, 1978) is defined by the 85…”

“…Lingula is most common in the Type 1 Assemblage, but also occurs in Type 2, 3 and 4 assemblages (Table 5), as do Schizodus and Sanguinolites . The assemblage is typified by an association of the ostracods Cavellina valida (Jones, Kirkby & Brady, 1884), Shemonaella elongata n. sp. and palaeocope sp.…”

“…Images are scanning electron micrographs (a–f, l–o, q) or light photographs (g–k, p). Cavellina benniei (Jones, Kirkby & Brady, 1884): (a, d) carapace (large juvenile; MPK 13944; length 540 μm) left lateral and dorsal views, ×91. Cavellina valida (Jones, Kirkby & Brady, 1884): (b, e) carapace (MPK 13945; length 570 μm), left lateral and dorsal views, ×84.…”

“…Cavellina benniei (Jones, Kirkby & Brady, 1884): (a, d) carapace (large juvenile; MPK 13944; length 540 μm) left lateral and dorsal views, ×91. Cavellina valida (Jones, Kirkby & Brady, 1884): (b, e) carapace (MPK 13945; length 570 μm), left lateral and dorsal views, ×84. Glyptolichvinella spiralis (Jones & Kirkby, 1880) – environment uncertain: (g) left valve (MPK 13949; length 1000 μm), lateral view, specimen partly obscured by dolomite crystals, ×46.…”

Ostracods as palaeoenvironmental indicators in the Lower Carboniferous Yoredale Series of northern England

“…6a,b), implies that thedevelopment of the antero-marginal flange may be of minor diagnostic importance, as already assumed by Robinson (1978 Remarks. C. hennioi shows a considerable variation in size and shape (Jones, Kirkby & Brady, 1884), a study of which might lead to subdivision. Occurrence.…”