A Morphological Distinction between Neurones of the Male and Female, and the Behaviour of the Nucleolar Satellite during Accelerated Nucleoprotein Synthesis

Barr, Murray L.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6621-8_11

Cited by 121 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

126

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Experiments are now in progress testing the chromosomal sex of patients with varying degrees of clinical hermaphroditism and comparing the results so obtained with the sex-chromatin procedure of Barr and his associates (9). It is of interest that while the chromosomal differentiation of male and female cells has continued to be unequivocal throughout months of active cultivation in dtro, cultured female cells (though not the original buccal smears) have often given uncertain results with the sex-chromatin test of Barr.…”

Section: Growtk Of Colonies From Single Cells--monodisperse Suspensimentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Somatic Mammalian Cells

Puck

Cieciura

Robinson

1958

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

882

161

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A methodology designed to eliminate mitotic inhibitor action and involving use of pretested fetal calf serum and careful pH and temperature control has been described by which cells from normal human and animal tissue can be maintained in active growth for long periods in vitro without development of aneuploidy. By means of this procedure, it is possible reliably to establish cell cultures from minute skin biopsies which can be taken from any individual. Clones of mammalian cells with chromosomal markers have been isolated by this means from x-irradiated non-irradiated cell cultures. Application of these techniques to chromosome delineation in large numbers of human subjects; determination of chromosomal sex in patients; spontaneuos and induced genetic changes in somatic mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro; comparison of metabolic differences between normal and cancerous cells and other problems have been indicated.

show abstract

Section: Growtk Of Colonies From Single Cells--monodisperse Suspensimentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Somatic Mammalian Cells

Puck

Cieciura

Robinson

1958

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

882

161

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…During early development in each female somatic cell one of the two X-chromosomes becomes genetically largely inactivated (Xi), while the other remains genetically active (Xa) (Lyon, 1961; for review see Gartler et al, 1992). Xi can be identified in the cell nucleus as a compact structure, known as the sex chromatin body (Barr and Bertram, 1949;Dyer et al, 1989). It has often been implicated that the sex chromatin body seen in the light microscope represents the whole Xi, although it may comprise only a part of it (Gartler et al, 1992;Ohno and Hauschka, 1960;Therman and Patau, 1974;Therman et al, 1976;Walker et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences of size and shape of active and inactive X‐chromosome domains in human amniotic fluid cell nuclei

Bischoff¹,

Albers

Kharboush

et al. 1993

Microscopy Res & Technique

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is a widely held belief that the inactive X-chromosome (Xi) in female cell nuclei is strongly condensed as compared to the largely decondensed active X-chromosome (Xa). We have reconsidered this problem and painted X-chromosome domains in nuclei of subconfluent, female and male human amniotic fluid cell cultures (46,XX and 46,XY) by chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization with biotinylated human X-chromosome specific library DNA. FITCconjugated avidin was used for probe detection and nuclei were counterstained with propidium iodide (PI). The shape of these nuclei resembling flat ellipsoids or elliptical cylinders makes them suitable for both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analyses. 2D analyses of Xi-and Xa-domains were performed in 34 female cell nuclei by outlining of the painted domains using a camera lucida. Identification of the sex chromatin body in DAPI-stained nuclei prior to CISShybridization was confirmed by its colocalization with one of the two painted X-domains. In 31 of the 34 nuclei the area Axi for the inactive X-domain was smaller than the area A, , for the active domain (mean ratio Ax,/Ax, = 1.9 * 0.8 SD, range 1.0-4.3). The signed rank test showed a highly significant (P < .0001) difference both between A, , and Axi and between the ratios r(Xa) and r(Xi), calculated by dividing the maximum length L of each X-domain by its maximum width W. In most nuclei (26134) we found r(Xa)>r(Xi) demonstrating a generally more elongated structure of Xa. For 3D analysis a confocal scanning laser fluorescence microscope (CSLFM) was used. Ten to 20 light optical sections (PI-image, FITC-image) were registered with equal spacings (approx. 0.4 pm). A thresholding procedure was applied to determine the PI-labeled nuclear and FITC-labeled X-domain areas in each section. Estimated slice volumes were used to compute total nuclear and X-domain volumes. In a series of 35 female nuclei most domains extended from the top to the bottom nuclear sections. The larger of the two X-chromosome domains comprised (3.7 t 1.7 S.D.)% of the nuclear volume. A mean ratio of 1.2 k 0.2 SD (range 1.1-2.3) was found for the volumes of the larger and the smaller X-domains in these female nuclei. In a series of 27 male amniotic fluid cell nuclei the relative X-chromosome domain volume comprised (4.0 t 2.6 S.D.)%. These findings indicate that differences in the 3D expansion of active and inactive X-chromosome domains are less pronounced than previously thought. A current model suggests that chromosome domains consist of a compact core surrounded by loosely coiled outer chromatin fiber loops. The latter fraction may be considerably larger in Xa-as compared to Xi-domains. We suggest that the interactive outlining procedure used in the 2D analyses included the loosely structured domain periphery more accurately, while the threshold algorithm applied to light optical sections delineated the more compact core of the domains, leading to smaller and more similar volume estimates of Xa and Xi. Present limitat...

show abstract

“…Je comprends vite l'intérêt qu'il porte aux cultures cellulaires, abandonnant sa loupe et ses statistiques sur la fréquence du pli palmaire médian. Des tissus d'enfants mongoliens sont enfin obtenus 6 . En mitose, les cellules de mongoliens ont indiscutablement une différence : elles ont toutes 47 chromosomes, alors que tous les témoins en ont 46.…”

Section: Un Nouveau Venu Au Laboratoireunclassified

Cinquantenaire de la trisomie 21

Gautier

2009

Med Sci (Paris)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A Morphological Distinction between Neurones of the Male and Female, and the Behaviour of the Nucleolar Satellite during Accelerated Nucleoprotein Synthesis

Cited by 121 publications

References 2 publications

Genetics of Somatic Mammalian Cells

Genetics of Somatic Mammalian Cells

Differences of size and shape of active and inactive X‐chromosome domains in human amniotic fluid cell nuclei

Cinquantenaire de la trisomie 21

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About