At this time, I'd like to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who has helped, supported, and cared for me during these four years. I'd like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Gan Woon Seng, my Ph.D. supervisor, for his care and support throughout my studies. His enthusiasm for research and commitment to it has profoundly impacted me. Prof. Gan created a pleasant research environment and gave me valuable life advice. Thanks to Prof. Gan's thorough guidance, I've learned much about the fun and importance of research work. I'd like to use this opportunity to express my appreciation to my senior, Dr. Shi Dongyuan, who has been a tremendous help to me since the beginning of my research. He has actively guided my studies and experiments. With his assistance, I've made significant progress. Ms. Santi Peksi assisted me in learning about local customs and doing many lab tasks. Wen Shulin (Dr), Lam Bhan(Dr), Keneth, Karn, Hai, Zhen Ting, Tho, Rishabh, Miqing, Zhengding, and Junwei were all important members and alumni of the lab throughout my Ph.D. I want to thank my three best friends in China, Zhou Yilin, Jin Jun, and Wen Jiafen, in particular. They showed me a lot of love and encouragement when I was down or upset. They also assisted me in caring for my family. Junjie, Hanxiao, Xiaofan, Mingyu, Yuncheng, Ruiyu, Yuhao, Suofei, Zhangxin, and Mengmin were among my friends in Singapore, and I am grateful for their support in my studies and daily life.Finally, I wish to express my warmest gratitude to my parents, Mr. Liu Zhen and Mrs. Shen Heyin, as well as my grandma, Mrs. Sun Qiuyun. They were always there for me no matter what I did or said. I love all of you! Shen Xiaoyi, 16 AUG 2022 xi "If I had one hour to save the world, I would spend 55 minutes defining the problem and only five minutes finding the solution."