“…Targeting techniques have been developed to identify minimum usage of fresh resources using a cascade diagram (Manan et al [10]) and using pinch-based composite representations (El-Halwagi et al [11]). Mathematical programming techniques have also been used to solve the recycling/reuse problems [12,13], including multicomponent systems (see, for example, Alva-Argeaz et al [14], Benko et al [15], and Dunn et al [16,17]). Additionally, similar methods have been developed for unsteady-state and batch systems (see, for example, Wang and Smith [18], Almato et al [19], and Zhou et al [20]).…”