“…Titanium-based materials have triggered an explosion of research interests in many fields such as catalysis, environment, aerospace, cosmetics, energy, and biomedicine. , In recent years, as the finest biocompatible metallic element in nature, titanium-based materials with high stability, nontoxicity, abundant storage, and unique photocatalytic activity have been successfully applied in cancer treatment, such as PDT, ,− PTT, sonodynamic therapy, − and drug delivery. ,, Specially, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as the inorganic photosensitizer has been extensively used in PDT of cancer because TiO 2 can generate photoinduced hole–electron pairs that can react with oxygen and water to produce ROS to kill cancer cells under light irradiation . Traditional TiO 2 -based PDT mainly employed ultraviolet (UV) light as a light source.…”