A Multichamber Pulsating-Flow Device With Optimized Spatial Shear Stress and Pressure for Endothelial Cell Testing

Abstract

Design and analysis are presented for a new device to test the response of endothelial cells to the simultaneous action of cyclic shear stresses and pressure fluctuations. The design consists of four pulsatile-flow chambers connected in series, where shear stress is identical in all four chambers and pressure amplitude decreases in successive chambers. Each flow chamber is bounded above and below by two parallel plates separated by a small gap. The design of the chamber planform must ensure that cells within the testing region experience spatially uniform time-periodic shear stress. For conditions typically encountered in applications, the viscous unsteady flow exhibits order-unity values of the associated Womersley number. The corresponding solution to the unsteady lubrication problem, with general non-sinusoidal flow rate, is formulated in terms of a stream function satisfying Laplace's equation, which can be integrated numerically to determine the spatial distribution of shear stresses for chambers of general planform. The results are used to optimize the design of a device with a hexagonal planform. Accompanying experiments using particle tracking velocimetry in a fabricated chamber were conducted to validate theoretical predictions. Pressure readings indicate that intra-chamber pressure variations associated with viscous pressure losses and acoustic fluctuations are relatively small, so that all cells in a given testing region experience nearly equal pressure forces.