A multidimensional study of wastewater treatment

Abstract

Water usage generates wastewater, which must be collected and treated properly before being returned into the hydrological cycle for reasons of sustainable development and water supply.The content and volume of waste water generated are determined by a range of elements, as most of them are the waste of households, industries and so on. It also dictates the necessary treatment methods. Waste water treatment facilities function at a crucial stage in the water cycle, assisting nature in protecting water from contamination. Treatment methods can be categorized into four segments: preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment. Screening and grit removal are ordinary parts of preliminary wastewater treatment. Basically, it prepares wastewater for further treatment. Although the primary purpose of wastewater treatment is to separate easily-removable suspended particles and BOD, wastewater components that occur as dissolved solids or settleable wastewater solids may also be eliminated here using a septic tank, the Imhoff tank. The conversion of organic materials to more oxidised or reduced forms occurs in treatment plants of secondary wastewater treatments and sometimes in tertiary treatment also. Disinfection and suspended particles removal are the most common techniques used to modify conventional wastewater treatment plant effluents for crop application. Advanced wastewater treatment, also known as tertiary treatment, is used in treatment technologies when a higher quality of water is desired but secondary treatment procedures cannot provide. Advanced or tertiary water treatment includes the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, several organics and metals. Finally, the treated waters can be used for multiple purposes. Rainfall waters being less polluted, can be easily treated and fewer treatment methods will require here. However, to make them more efficient, several improvements are needed for commonly used systems like trickling filters, oxidising ponds, rotating bio contractors (RBCs), septic tanks, etc.