“…This design also is consistent with the current Thai flood planning practice of “monkey cheeks”. The concept was introduced in 1995 by King Rama IX and refers to low-lying lands in the vicinity of major rivers (generally rice paddy, with some natural wetlands) that are used to temporarily store flood water, much as a monkey stores food in its cheeks to later be released and digested (Trakuldit and Faysse 2019 ; Irvine et al 2022c ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The individual WSUD features connected through natural waterways/wetlands and constructed canals collectively form NbS visions for the study area that not only would reduce flooding, but concurrently would improve water runoff quality through adsorption and natural, biological processes (e.g., Irvine et al 2022a ). Storage and a reduction in flooding could be explored in more detail and optimised using a dynamic, process-oriented conceptual deterministic modelling approach (e.g., Irvine et al 2021b , 2022c ; Yereseme et al 2022 ). Examining multiple spatial scales using conceptual deterministic models is important for optimization of both individual feature performance and the collective performance of the entire system (e.g., Teang et al 2021 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Performance of the designs should be assessed using both a dynamic, conceptual mathematical modeling approach and ecosystem services evaluations, for example, following the iterative and interactive interdisciplinary Framework for Theory design approach outlined by Steinitz ( 2020 ; see also Irvine et al 2022c ). While NbS has the potential to deliver multiple ecosystem services, in choosing between different NbS designs, it would be helpful to better define a theoretical framework for assessment (Caneva et al 2020 ; Castellar et al 2021 ; Almenar et al 2021 ).…”
Section: Flooding Resiliency and Ways Forwardmentioning
A
Research through Designing
approach was used to explore nature-based solutions (NbS) for flood management at the fluvial (regional) and pluvial (local) scales as part of a Smart District visioning study in a peri-urban area north of Bangkok, Thailand. The NbS visions were informed by community surveys (total
n
= 770) as well as in-depth, semi-structured interviews with community leaders and key stakeholders representing private sector business. Both fluvial and pluvial flooding commonly occur in the study area and the cost of damage incurred by individuals generally exceeds aid remuneration. The surveys revealed that flood insurance was not widely used as a form of resiliency to flood conditions. Furthermore, survey participants generally considered common space and green space unsatisfactory and inadequate to meet community needs. In light of these survey responses, example NbS visions were developed to address community concerns and promote well-being, while concurrently providing resiliency and improved ecosystem services through connectivity of blue and greenscapes. This case study provides a novel linkage between the concepts of NbS, Research through Designing, and Smart City/District, in exploring sustainable and resilient approaches to flood management in the context of tropical, Global South development and also provides a first step towards developing an NbS typology.
“…This design also is consistent with the current Thai flood planning practice of “monkey cheeks”. The concept was introduced in 1995 by King Rama IX and refers to low-lying lands in the vicinity of major rivers (generally rice paddy, with some natural wetlands) that are used to temporarily store flood water, much as a monkey stores food in its cheeks to later be released and digested (Trakuldit and Faysse 2019 ; Irvine et al 2022c ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The individual WSUD features connected through natural waterways/wetlands and constructed canals collectively form NbS visions for the study area that not only would reduce flooding, but concurrently would improve water runoff quality through adsorption and natural, biological processes (e.g., Irvine et al 2022a ). Storage and a reduction in flooding could be explored in more detail and optimised using a dynamic, process-oriented conceptual deterministic modelling approach (e.g., Irvine et al 2021b , 2022c ; Yereseme et al 2022 ). Examining multiple spatial scales using conceptual deterministic models is important for optimization of both individual feature performance and the collective performance of the entire system (e.g., Teang et al 2021 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Performance of the designs should be assessed using both a dynamic, conceptual mathematical modeling approach and ecosystem services evaluations, for example, following the iterative and interactive interdisciplinary Framework for Theory design approach outlined by Steinitz ( 2020 ; see also Irvine et al 2022c ). While NbS has the potential to deliver multiple ecosystem services, in choosing between different NbS designs, it would be helpful to better define a theoretical framework for assessment (Caneva et al 2020 ; Castellar et al 2021 ; Almenar et al 2021 ).…”
Section: Flooding Resiliency and Ways Forwardmentioning
A
Research through Designing
approach was used to explore nature-based solutions (NbS) for flood management at the fluvial (regional) and pluvial (local) scales as part of a Smart District visioning study in a peri-urban area north of Bangkok, Thailand. The NbS visions were informed by community surveys (total
n
= 770) as well as in-depth, semi-structured interviews with community leaders and key stakeholders representing private sector business. Both fluvial and pluvial flooding commonly occur in the study area and the cost of damage incurred by individuals generally exceeds aid remuneration. The surveys revealed that flood insurance was not widely used as a form of resiliency to flood conditions. Furthermore, survey participants generally considered common space and green space unsatisfactory and inadequate to meet community needs. In light of these survey responses, example NbS visions were developed to address community concerns and promote well-being, while concurrently providing resiliency and improved ecosystem services through connectivity of blue and greenscapes. This case study provides a novel linkage between the concepts of NbS, Research through Designing, and Smart City/District, in exploring sustainable and resilient approaches to flood management in the context of tropical, Global South development and also provides a first step towards developing an NbS typology.
“…To explore the water, sediment, and nutrient yields for each site, we employed 1D PCSWMM using: a) 24-hour, Type II SCS design storms of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mm and; b) a continuous modeling approach with 5 minute rainfall data from the area for October, 2021. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) option was employed to consider erosion of pervious land and water quality while a buildup/washoff approach was used to model impervious land water quality with parameterization drawn from past studies in Thailand and Singapore (Chaosakul et al, 2010;Irvine & Chua, 2016;Htun et al, 2016;Le et al, 2017;Irvine et al, 2022c).…”
Nature-based Solution (NbS) designs increasingly are being implemented to reduce environmental impacts of urban development and enhance community resiliency to disruptions ranging from floods to climate change to Covid-19. But, the question remains, how do we assess the ecosystem service benefits provided by competing NbS designs in order to optimize such benefits? As such, the objective of this study was to develop and trial an assessment approach for the valuation of ecosystem services in a peri-urban area of Bangkok, Thailand. In our evaluations we considered the ecosystem service benefits of: i) water yield; ii) sediment yield; iii) nutrient yield; iv) carbon sequestration; v) urban heat island mitigation; vi) crop production; vii) habitat quality; and viii) aesthetics. Our ecosystem services valuation approach was tested using three case studies in peri-urban Bangkok, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani: i) an existing new single detached housing development in the area; ii) an area in its currently undeveloped, open and scrub forest state; and iii) the same area as (ii), but theoretically developed using an Agrihood design concept. The valuation approach included a combination of mathematical modeling for the water, sediment, and nutrient yield ecosystem services and an empirical, data-driven approach for urban cooling, carbon sequestering, crop production, habitat quality, and aesthetics. While the existing housing development design was meant to be relatively green and nature-oriented, the Agrihood design outperformed it in every ecosystem service category, including habitat quality and aesthetics. The Agrihood design also had lower sediment and nutrient yields and mean concentrations as compared to current (natural) conditions at the site, which is attributed to the inclusion of constructed wetlands in the design for the main drainage canal. This work represents a good preliminary step in establishing a local scale ecosystem services valuation framework for urban areas in a tropical climate, but additional refinements to the indicator determinations are needed.
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