A multidisciplinary fractured rock characterization study at Raymond field site, Raymond, CA

Karasaki, Kenzi; Freifeld, Barry; Cohen, Andrew J.; Grossenbacher, Ken; Cook, Paul; Vasco, D. W.

doi:10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00272-9

Cited by 80 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Since 1990, a large number of field tests have been conducted using conservative nonsorbing and reactive sorbing tracers in natural-gradient flow [Himmelsbach et al, 1998;Jardine et al, 1999;Lapcevic et al, 1999;Maloszewski et al, 19991, induced linear flow (e.g., by infiltration) [Cacas et al, 1990b;Abelin et al, 1991a, b;Birgersson et al, 1993;McKay et al, 1993a;Sidle et al, 1998;Salve et al, 20041, induced convergent or weak-dipole flow [Jones et al, 1992;Cady et al, 1993;Hadennann and Heer, 1996;D'Alessandro et al, 1997;Garcia Gutierrez et al, 1997;Gylling et al, 1998;Himmelsbach et al, 1998;Hoehn et al, 1998;Becker and Shapiro, 2000;Karasaki et al, 2000;Meigs and Beauheim, 2001;Widestrand et al, 2001;Baumle, 2003;Lee et al, 2003;Reimus et al, 2003a, b;Andersson et al, 2004;Brouyere et al, 20041, induced divergent flow [Novakowski, 1992;Novakowski and Lapcevic, 19941, induced dipole recirculating flow [Frost et al, 1992[Frost et al, , 1995Scheier et al, 1993;Jakoben et al, 1993;Sawada et al, 20001, induced single-well divergent-convergent flow [Meigs and Beauheim, 2001;Becker and Shapiro, 20031, and in more complicated flow (varying between tracer source to observation points) [Gustafsson and Andersson, 19911 Frost et al, 19951 to reduce the uncertain...…”

Section: Field Tracer Tests and Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct laboratory and field evidence of matrix diffusion, defined originally as molecular diffusive mass transfer of a solute between flowing fluid within fractures and stagnant fluid in the rock matrix, has been obtained in terms of an observed solute penetration distance into a rock matrix [e.g., Birgersson and Neretnieks, 1990;Jardine et al, 1999;Polak et al, 20031. Indirect evidence has been obtained from multitracer tests through the significant breakthrough-curve separation of simultaneously injected tracers of different matrix-diffusion-coefficient values [e.g., Gamier et al, 1985;Maloszewski et al, 1999;Karasaki et al, 2000;Reimus et al, 2003a, b]. In a rock matrix not containing tiny cracks, molecular diffusion would be the dominant transport process, with negligible fluid velocity and thus dispersion; within fractures, advection and dispersion are the two dominant transport processes [e.g., Tang et al, 1981;Sudicky and Frind, 1982;Zuber, 1990, 1993;Moench, 199.51.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field-scale effective matrix diffusion coefficient for fractured rock: Results from literature survey

Zhou

Liu

Molz

et al. 2007

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

106

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Matrix diffusion is an important mechanism for solute transport in fractured rock.We recently conducted a literature survey on the effective matrix diffusion coefficient, D i , a key parameter for describing matrix diffusion processes at the field scale. Forty field tracer tests at 15 fractured geologic sites were surveyed and selected for the study, based on data availability and quality. Field-scale D: values were calculated, either directly using data reported in the literature or by reanalyzing the corresponding field tracer tests. Surveyed data indicate that the effective-matrix-diffusion-coefficient factor FD (defined as the ratio of D i to the lab-scale matrix diffusion coefficient [ Dm 3 of the same tracer) is generally larger than one, indicating that the effective matrix diffusion coefficient in the field is comparatively larger than the matrix diffusion coefficient at the rock-core scale. This larger value can be attributed to the many mass-transfer processes at different scales in naturally heterogeneous, fractured rock systems. Furthermore, we observed a moderate trend toward systematic increase in the FD value with observation scale, indicating that the effective matrix diffusion coefficient is likely to be statistically scale dependent. The FD value ranges from 1 to 10,000 for observation scales from 5 to 2,000 m. At a given scale, the F ' value varies by two orders of magnitude, reflecting the influence of differing degrees of fractured rock heterogeneity at different sites. In addition, the surveyed data indicate that field-scale longitudinal dispersivity generally increases with observation scale, which is consistent with previous studies. The scaledependent field-scale matrix diffusion coefficient (and dispersivity) may have significant 1 implications for assessing long-term, large-scale radionuclide and contaminant transport events in fractured rock, both for nuclear waste disposal and contaminant remediation.

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Section: Field Tracer Tests and Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field-scale effective matrix diffusion coefficient for fractured rock: Results from literature survey

Zhou

Liu

Molz

et al. 2007

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

106

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“…Figure 4.1. Concentration profiles obtained from borehole electrical conductivity logging of well SW1 at the Raymond field site in California (K. Karasaki, personal communication, 2001; see also Karasaki et al, 2000). Equation (A.1) is used to convert FEC to C. Concentration profile times (in minutes) are 1.8, 14, 25, 39, 52, and 66, with later profiles shown as thicker lines.…”

Section: A3 Advection-diffusion Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflow and outflow signatures in flowing wellbore electrical conductivity logs

Doughty¹,

Tsang²

2002

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Flowing wellbore electrical-conductivity logging provides a means to determine hydrologic properties of fractures, fracture zones, or other permeable layers intersecting a borehole in saturated rock. The method involves analyzing the time-evolution of fluid electricalconductivity logs obtained while the well is being pumped and yields information on the location, hydraulic transmissivity, and salinity of permeable layers, as well as their initial (or ambient) pressure head. Earlier analysis methods were restricted to the case in which flows from the permeable layers or fractures were directed into the borehole. More recently, a numerical model for simulating flowing-conductivity logging was adapted to permit treatment of both inflow and outflow, including analysis of natural regional flow in the permeable layer. However, determining the fracture properties with the numerical model by optimizing the match to the conductivity logs is a laborious trial-and-error procedure. In this paper, we identify the signatures of various inflow and outflow features in the conductivity logs to expedite this procedure and to provide physical insight for the analysis of these logs. Generally, inflow points are found to produce a distinctive signature on the conductivity logs themselves, enabling the determination of location, inflow rate, and ion concentration in a straightforward manner.Identifying outflow locations and flow rates, on the other hand, can be done with a more complicated integral method. Running a set of several conductivity logs with different pumping rates (e.g., half and double the original pumping rate) provides further information on the nature of the feed points. In addition to enabling the estimation of flow parameters from conductivity logs, an understanding of the conductivity log signatures can aid in the design of follow-up logging activities.1

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“…video camera, borehole televiewer) may be able to locate and categorize the fractures by type and orientation, but they are unlikely to provide direct information on fracture flow properties (Keys, 1979;Paillet, 1991;Bear et al, 1993). Straddle-packer pump-testing is a widelyused, well-accepted method for obtaining fracture flow properties (Almen, 1994;National Research Council, 1996;Enachescu and Rahm, 2007), and an advanced deployment known as hydraulic tomography, which uses a systematic choice of packedoff intervals, allows for the reconstruction of two-and three-dimensional images of the subsurface (Karasaki et al, 2000;Brauchler et al, 2003;Illman et al, 2009); these methods tend to be very time-consuming and thus expensive. Flow-logging techniques are an attractive alternative -they measure flow directly and are efficient to deploy in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By fitting the growth and movement of these peaks with a simple numerical model, one can infer inflow strengths and salinities of individual permeable features intersected by the borehole. Since Tsang et al (1990) introduced the method, it has been widely applied in deep wells down to 1500 m or more (Doughty et al, , 2008Guyonnet et al, 1993;Kelley et al, 1991;Löw et al, 1994), in inclined boreholes drilled in the underground Grimsel Test Laboratory (Marschall and Vomvoris, 1995), and extensively in shallower wells down to about 100 m (Bauer and LoCoco, 1996;Evans, 1995;Evans et al, 1992;Karasaki et al, 2000;Paillet and Pedler, 1996;Pedler et al, 1992). Continued development of analytical and numerical data-analysis techniques (e.g., has broadened the range of applicability and enhanced the ease of use of the method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flowing fluid electric conductivity logging for a deep artesian well in fractured rock with regional flow

Doughty

Tsang

Yabuuchi

et al. 2013

Journal of Hydrology

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The flowing fluid electric conductivity (FFEC) logging method is a well-logging technique that may be used to estimate flow rate, salinity, transmissivity, and hydraulic head of individual fractures or high-permeability zones intersected by a wellbore.Wellbore fluid is first replaced with fluid of a contrasting electric conductivity, then repeated FEC logging is done while the well is pumped. Zones where fluid flows into the wellbore show peaks in the FEC logs, which may be analyzed to infer inflow rate and salinity of the individual fractures. Conducting the procedure with two or more pumping rates (multi-rate FFEC logging) enables individual fracture transmissivity and hydraulic head to be determined. Here we describe the first application of the multi-rate FFEC logging method to an artesian well, using a 500-m well in fractured rock at Horonobe, Japan. An additional new factor at the site is the presence of regional groundwater flow, which heretofore has only been studied with synthetic data. FFEC logging was conducted for two different pumping rates. Several analysis techniques had to be adapted to account for the artesian nature of the well. The results were subsequently compared with independent salinity measurements and transmissivity and hydraulic head values obtained from packer tests in the same well. Despite non-ideal operating conditions, multi-rate FFEC logging successfully determined flow rate, salinity, and transmissivity of 17 conducting fractures intercepted by the logged section of the borehole, including two fractures with regional groundwater flow. Predictions of hydraulic head were less accurate, a not unexpected result in light of operational problems and the form of the equation for hydraulic head, which involves the difference between two uncertain quantities. This study illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of the multi-rate FFEC logging method applied to artesian wells. In conjunction with previous studies, it demonstrates the usefulness of the method for a broad range of conditions encountered in subsurface fractured rock.

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A multidisciplinary fractured rock characterization study at Raymond field site, Raymond, CA

Cited by 80 publications

References 28 publications

Field-scale effective matrix diffusion coefficient for fractured rock: Results from literature survey

Field-scale effective matrix diffusion coefficient for fractured rock: Results from literature survey

Inflow and outflow signatures in flowing wellbore electrical conductivity logs

Flowing fluid electric conductivity logging for a deep artesian well in fractured rock with regional flow

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