Promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capability serves as a crucial conduit to expedite the process of Chinese-style modernization. Based on the study of the modernization of Chinese-style governance capability (MCGC), some findings are as follows: (1) The index of MCGC demonstrates a steady upward trend with noticeable regional disparities, ranking in descending order as eastern region > central region > northeastern region > western region. The region with the highest internal disparities in MCGC is the eastern, while the northeastern region has the lowest internal disparities. The greatest interregional disparity in MCGC is observed between the eastern and western regions. (2) The indices of the five major subsystems improve annually, yet the trajectories of them are not entirely consistent. (3) The five subsystems coupling coordination degree for MCGC displays a temporal characteristic of gradual improvement and a spatial feature of gradual decrease from the eastern coastal areas to the northwestern inland areas. (4) MCGC exhibits a significant positive spatial correlation, manifesting a spatial distribution pattern of “high-high” and “low-low” aggregation. What’s more, the MCGC follows a “smooth and gradual” process, without a “multilevel leapfrogging” trajectory. And the improvement of MCGC demonstrates spatial convergence.