A multilevel intervention to reduce stigma among alcohol consuming men living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy: findings from a randomized control trial in India

Abstract

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of a multilevel intervention to reduce HIV stigma among alcohol consuming men living with HIV in India. Design: A crossover randomized controlled trial in four sites. Setting: Government ART centres (ARTCs) offering core services in the greater Mumbai area. Participants: Seven hundred and fifty two (188 per site) alcohol-consuming male PLHIV on ART were recruited. Intervention: Multilevel intervention to reduce alcohol consumption and promote adherence by addressing stigma, implemented at the individual (individual counselling, IC), group (group intervention, GI) and community levels (collective advocacy, CA) in three distinct sequences over three cycles of 9 months each. Main outcome measure: HIV stigma, measured using the 16-item Berger Stigma scale. Methods: The article examines the effectiveness of the interventions to reduce stigma using Linear Mixed Model regression. Results: At baseline, 57% of participants had moderate-high levels of stigma (scores >40). All three counseling interventions were effective in reducing stigma when delivered individually, in the first cycle (collective advocacy: β coeff = −9.71; p < 0.001; group intervention: β coeff = −5.22; p < 0.001; individual counselling: β coeff = −4.43; p < 0.001). At then end of the second cycle, effects from the first cycle were sustained with no significant change in stigma scores. At the end of the third cycle, the site, which received CA+IC+GI sequence had maximum reduction in stigma scores (β coeff = −10.29; p < 0.001), followed by GI+CA+IC (β coeff = −8.23, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Baseline findings suggest that stigma remains a problem even with experienced patients, despite advances in treatment and adherence. Results of multilevel stigma reduction interventions argue for inclusion in HIV prevention and treatment program

Systematic review and quantitative and qualitative comparative analysis of interventions to address HIV-related stigma and discrimination

“…The evidence review identified 70 intervention evaluations [29–98]. The literature flow is documented below (Fig.…”

Gender minority stress and access to health care services among transgender women and transfeminine people: results from a cross-sectional study in China

“…In terms of stressors associated with sexual health care access, we suggest integrating mental health services with sexual health interventions and care [ 41 – 43 ]. Sexual health services could integrate mental health components by directly providing counseling services, providing referrals to psychological services, and organizing community engagement activities for the transgender and gender diverse people [ 42 , 44 , 45 ].…”