A multipath routeless routing protocol with an efficient location update mechanism

Opportunistic routing for multi-flow video dissemination over Flying Ad-Hoc Networks

“…BOSS assumes a full data payload for the Request to Send (RTS) message size, since selecting a forwarder using small control messages may lead to the choice of a forwarder unable to receive larger data packets. Al-Otaibi et al [8] proposed a Multipath Routeless Routing protocol (MRR), which defines a forwarding area as a rectangle and combines multiple metrics to compute the DFD. In MRR, when a given node receives a packet with weaker signals, it forwards the packet first.…”

“…In this way, existing beaconless OR protocols rely on periodical route reconstruction to detect topology changes [6][7][8]. On the other hand, XLinGO relies on a recovery mechanism to detect and respond to route failures, allowing a smoother operation in harsh environments.…”

“…In this section, we evaluate the reliability of XLinGO compared to LinGO [9], BLR [6], BOSS [7], and MRR [8] in a scenario composed of mobile nodes and multiple flows. This involves deployment of 40 nodes, where the network has one DN , two mobile multimedia source nodes transmitting simultaneous video flows, and 37 possible mobile relay nodes.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, most existing beaconless OR protocols [6][7][8] do not establish persistent multi-hop routes with robustness and reliability, and also they do not consider QoE requirements for scenarios with multi-flow video transmissions and mobile nodes. Those that attend to establish reliable persistent multi-hop routes, such as LinGO [9], do not enable reliable multimedia transmission with multi-flow video transmissions.…”

“…But, it deals only with node failures and channel quality variations. Moreover, those protocols [6][7][8][9] do not prevent the selection of forwarding nodes with heavy traffic load or low residual energy, which causes route failures, queue congestion, packet loss, delay, and jitter. Finally, they rely on periodic route reconstruction, introducing a long time to detect and respond to topology changes, which reduces system robustness and increases packet loss ratio.…”