“…In recent years, mobile robots are being widely used in industrial automation, home automation, hospitals, entertainment, space exploration, military, etc [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Due to the decreased size and the low cost of mobile robots, more and more mobile robots are now working around us and they will help us a lot in our daily lives, such as cooking, cleaning, house plant watering, pet feeding, and taking care of children [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. In order to complete these tasks continuously and efficiently, many auto-recharging methods have been proposed.…”