A Narrative Review on the Unexplored Potential of Colostrum as a Preventative Treatment and Therapy for Diarrhea in Neonatal Dairy Calves

Carter, Havelah S. M.; Renaud, D.L.; Steele, M.A.; Fischer-Tlustos, A.J.; Costa, J.H.C.

doi:10.3390/ani11082221

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(242 reference statements)

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“…The mineral content of colostrum is relevant to the mineral status of newborn calves. Compared to mature milk, colostrum has a higher concentration of minerals and therefore has a unique role in the growth and development of calves [ 11 ]. Because mature milk is rich in minerals, it is an essential source of the daily intake of minerals for humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Parity Effect on Characteristics and Minerals in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Colostrum and Mature Milk

Luo

Gao

et al. 2023

Foods

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Colostrum is a vital performance for buffaloes and potentially functional foods in the future. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the difference between the parity of buffalo colostrum and mature milk. Twenty pregnant buffaloes (primiparous = 10; multiparous = 10) were assigned to the same diet prepartum and milking routine postpartum. Calves were separated from the dams immediately after birth and colostrum was harvested within 2 h, whilst mature milk was harvested at 7 days postpartum. The colostrum was analyzed for immunoglobulin G and milk composition as the mature milk. The results showed that there was a higher level of protein, solid not fat, and milk urea nitrogen (p < 0.05), with a tendency for higher total solids (p = 0.08) in primiparous buffaloes’ colostrum compared with multiparous. No parity effect was observed in colostrum immunoglobulin G, fat, lactose, and yields of colostrum and composition (p > 0.05). There was no difference in mature milk composition and yield by parity affected (p > 0.05). Compared with mature milk composition, colostrum had a higher content protein, total solids, solid not fat, and milk urea nitrogen (p < 0.05); however, fat and lactose were lower than that of mature milk (p < 0.05). For minerals, multiparous buffaloes’ colostrum had a higher concentration of Fe (p = 0.05), while the mature milk had higher concentrations of K and P compared with primiparous. Buffalo colostrum had higher concentrations of Na, Mg, Co, Fe, and K with a lower concentration of Ca relative to mature milk (p < 0.05). It was observed that parity affected colostrum characteristics rather than mature milk and caused subtle variations in minerals in colostrum and mature milk of buffaloes. As lactation proceeded, both milk composition and minerals in the milk changed drastically.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Parity Effect on Characteristics and Minerals in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Colostrum and Mature Milk

Luo

Gao

et al. 2023

Foods

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“…It stimulates the acute inflammation phase and helps hematopoiesis and immune function, promoting differentiation and proliferation of many non-immune cells 62 , which is considered a good response, helping achieve GIT mucosa homeostasis 63 . On the other hand, when the gut microbiome is disrupted due to stress (weaning, transport, and disease), changes in feed intake, dehydration, or use of oral antimicrobials, a dysbiosis occurs, leading to an increase of inflammatory proteins such as IL-6 and TNF 7 , 64 . When this dysbiosis is more extensive leading, it leads to severe inflammation and a condition called “leaky gut”, where the tight junctions of the enterocytes are not functioning well, leading to a leak of intestinal bacterial to the bloodstream, causing the liver to switch to a metabolic organ to an immune organ, causing a decrease of the animal’s growth and performance 63 , 65 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential benefits of a blend of essential oils on metabolism, digestibility, organ development and gene expression of dairy calves

Campolina

Coelho²,

Belli³

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The objective of this study was to evaluate blood cells and metabolites, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), digestibility, internal organs weight and histology, gene expression, and spleen cell proliferation of pre-weaned bull calves supplemented with a blend of essential oils in milk replacer (MR). Sixteen newborn Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy bull calves, with body weight at birth of 33.3 ± 3.7 kg, were housed in individual sand bedded pens, blocked by genetic composition, and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design: Control (CON, n = 8) and blend of essential oils supplementation (BEO, n = 8, 1 g/day/calf, Apex Calf, Adisseo, China). The commercial blend was composed by plant extracts derived from anise, cinnamon, garlic, rosemary, and thyme. Animals were fed 5 L of MR/day reconstituted at 15% (dry matter basis), divided into two equal meals. Water and starter were provided ad libitum. ß-hydroxybutyrate, urea, and glucose were evaluated weekly, IGF-1 was evaluated biweekly, and total blood cell count was performed every four weeks until the end of the trial at eight weeks of age. Feed samples were collected three times a week and polled for weekly analysis. Apparent total nutrient digestibility was determined from d 56 to 60 of age. On d 60 ± 1, animals were euthanized for organ weight, histology, spleen cell proliferation, and intestinal gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed independently using linear mixed models using the REML method in the nlme package in R for continuous outcomes. A non-parametric test was used for ordered categorical outcomes using the Artools package in R. There were no differences between groups for blood evaluations, digestibility, gene expression, and a spleen cell proliferation assay. However, BEO calves presented a heavier pancreas, heavier intestines, bigger ileum villi, and higher cecum butyrate levels (P < 0.05), demonstrating that the EO supplementation helped intestinal development and symbiotic bacteria. It was also observed in CON animals’ heavier respiratory tract and a higher eosinophil count (P < 0.05). Therefore, the organs where eosinophils are more active had a better response for BEO animals. No differences were found in the intestinal gene expression in the immune context. These results demonstrate that supplementing essential oils in MR could contribute to gut development and immune function. However, more research is needed to understand its impact on body development and define the best dosage and route of administration.

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“…Appropriate administration of good-quality and a sufficient quantity of colostrum to neonatal calves decreases the incidence of diarrhea in the first weeks of the calf’s life [ 25 ]. Bovine colostrum, which is the milk produced by the dam immediately after parturition, has been found to contain many beneficial compounds such as nutrients, hormones, growth factors, and, most importantly, antibodies and immune factors essential in the first hours of life [ 73 ]. It has been proposed that antibodies, hormones, growth factors, oligosaccharides, and fatty acids contained in colostrum and spray-dried colostrum naturally optimize calf health and bolster immunity [ 73 ].…”

Section: Alternative Approaches To Restore the Gastrointestinal Micro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bovine colostrum, which is the milk produced by the dam immediately after parturition, has been found to contain many beneficial compounds such as nutrients, hormones, growth factors, and, most importantly, antibodies and immune factors essential in the first hours of life [ 73 ]. It has been proposed that antibodies, hormones, growth factors, oligosaccharides, and fatty acids contained in colostrum and spray-dried colostrum naturally optimize calf health and bolster immunity [ 73 ]. Administration of natural bovine colostrum after the first day of life has been shown to have beneficial effects on calves.…”

Section: Alternative Approaches To Restore the Gastrointestinal Micro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea and Gastrointestinal Microbiota: Etiologic Agents and Microbiota Manipulation for Treatment and Prevention of Diarrhea

Jessop,

Li,

Renaud

et al. 2024

Veterinary Sciences

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Neonatal calf diarrhea is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. The changes associated with the gastrointestinal microbiota in neonatal calves experiencing diarrhea and its etiology are not fully understood or completely defined in the literature. Several studies have demonstrated that the fecal microbiota of calves that experience diarrhea substantially deviates from that of healthy age-matched calves. However, one key question remains: whether the changes observed in the bacterial communities (also known as dysbiosis) are a predisposing factor for, or the consequence of, gastrointestinal inflammation caused by the pathogens associated with calf diarrhea. The first objective of this literature review is to present the current information regarding the changes in the fecal microbiota of diarrheic calves and the impact of the pathogens associated with diarrhea on fecal microbiota. Modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota using pre- and probiotics, colostrum feeding, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used to treat and prevent gastrointestinal diseases in humans and dogs. Although information regarding the use of probiotics for the prevention of diarrhea is available in cattle, little information is available regarding the use of these strategies for treating calf diarrhea and the use of prebiotics or FMT to prevent diarrhea. The second objective of this literature review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the impact of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, colostrum feeding, and FMT for the treatment and prevention of calf diarrhea.

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A Narrative Review on the Unexplored Potential of Colostrum as a Preventative Treatment and Therapy for Diarrhea in Neonatal Dairy Calves

Cited by 11 publications

References 132 publications

Evaluation of Parity Effect on Characteristics and Minerals in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Colostrum and Mature Milk

Evaluation of Parity Effect on Characteristics and Minerals in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Colostrum and Mature Milk

Potential benefits of a blend of essential oils on metabolism, digestibility, organ development and gene expression of dairy calves

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea and Gastrointestinal Microbiota: Etiologic Agents and Microbiota Manipulation for Treatment and Prevention of Diarrhea

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