A near-infrared light-responsive upconversion nanoparticle micromotor propelled by oxygen bubbles

Abstract

Photosensitizer-decorated upconversion nanoparticles are applied to construct a NIR-responsive micromotor propelled by oxygen bubbles.

Janus Micromotors for Photophoretic Motion and Photon Upconversion Applications Using a Single Near-Infrared Wavelength

“…44 For example, UCNPs have been incorporated into micromotors to produce ROS under 976 nm irradiation and generate motion using O 2 bubble propulsion. 45 Herein, we developed the first NIR-photophoretic collectively driven Janus micromotor system with encapsulated UCNPs, in which the motion and upconversion luminescence are achieved solely using a single NIR excitation wavelength. The Janus-type architecture enables each hemisphere of the motor to have a different property, with the localization of one material to one hemisphere, leaving the remaining volume free for other purposes.…”

Tunable Self-Thermophoretic Nanomotors with Polymeric Coating

“…For example, various functional materials, including gold nanoparticles, graphene-based carbon materials, and black titanium dioxide, were utilized for enhanced light absorption and boosting photothermal conversion efficiency. Tubular, bowl-shaped, sheet-like, and other shaped Janus MNMs − have also been developed to maximize the resultant thermal gradient. Moreover, chemical fuels were added to generate gas bubbles by catalytic reaction, which greatly accelerates the motion of MNMs by providing an additional driving force in addition to the thermal gradient.…”

“…Tubular, bowl-shaped, sheet-like, and other shaped Janus MNMs − have also been developed to maximize the resultant thermal gradient. Moreover, chemical fuels were added to generate gas bubbles by catalytic reaction, which greatly accelerates the motion of MNMs by providing an additional driving force in addition to the thermal gradient. However, these MNMs show a typical propulsion efficiency on the order of 10 –13 to 10 –14 , which severely hinders their further applications.…”

NIR‐Actuated Targeted Janus Nanomotors Remodel Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment for Augmented Cancer Immunotherapy

“…[11a] Among them, benefiting from the deep tissue penetration of laser, the near-infrared (NIR) laser can provide an asymmetric thermal gradient around the Janus nanomotors to induce self-thermophoresis, thus facilitating deep delivery and targeting ability of Janus nanomotors in the solid tumor tissue. [12] Recently, based on above versatile functions, various therapeutic operations have been investigated in cancer treatment, such as phototherapy, phototheranostics, biosensing, and enhanced immunotherapy. [16] Besides the deep penetration of Janus nanomotors in tumor, the specific targeting of nanomotors to TAMs is also extremely important for the remodulation of immunosuppressive TME.…”

“…Recently, tremendous advances of Janus micro/nanomotors have drawn intensive attention to conquer the problem of poor drug permeability in tumor tissue. [ 12 ] Theoretically, these synthetic micro/nanomotors efficiently convert diverse surrounding fuels and external energy sources into active autonomous movement. [ 13 ] As a result, the nanomotors were actively propelled in tumor tissue to achieve enriched accumulation and improved cellular and intratumoral penetration.…”