The effect of combined alloying additions on the structure and scale of rapidly solidified Sm-Fe alloys was investigated. Transition metal additions tend to promote the formation of the disordered TbCu 7 -type structure in Sm 2 Fe 17 alloys, as determined by monitoring the long-range order parameter. Essentially no order was observed for M ס Ti, Zr, V, or Nb. Thus, the structure was close to the prototypical TbCu 7 -type structure. With M ס Si, a large amount of order was observed (S ס 0.62), resulting in a structure closer to the well-ordered Th 2 Zn 17 -type. The microstructural scale was also affected by alloying. In this case, refinement depended on the substituent and also on carbon for microstructural refinement. The scale of the as-solidified grain structures ranged from 100 nm for SiC-modified alloys to 13 nm for NbC-modified alloys. The degree of refinement was directly related to the atomic size of the M addition. The refinement was the result of solute partitioning to grain boundaries, resulting in a solute drag effect that lowered the growth rates.