“…2019; Tian et al. 2021), with the multi-medium interface treated by the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method: In the above equations, , , p , and e are the fluid density, velocity, pressure, viscosity and specific internal energy, respectively, is the identity matrix, is the energy dissipation function describing the effects of viscous stresses, and is the fluid volume fraction. The subscript represents the quantity of fluid component i and a bar above indicates the average quantity of the mixture.…”