“…The SI applications in those two aspects are mainly related to parameter tuning. For classification, works can be found in literature that combine SI algorithms with regression model [ 53 ], support vector machine [ 7 , 14 , 60 ], k-nearest neighbor classifiers [ 58 , 65 ], Decision trees [ 3 , 35 ], as well as the neural networks [ 30 , 62 ]. For clustering, some recent works are related to utilizing SI with k-means [ 28 , 59 , 61 ], c-means [ 21 ], and other linear or non-linear clustering algorithms [ 19 , 27 ].…”