A new approach for noninvasive transdermal determination of blood uric acid levels

Abstract

The aims of this study were to investigate the most effective combination of physical forces from laser, electroporation, and reverse iontophoresis for noninvasive transdermal extraction of uric acid, and to develop a highly sensitive uric acid biosensor (UAB) for quantifying the uric acid extracted. It is believed that the combination of these physical forces has additional benefits for extraction of molecules other than uric acid from human skin. A diffusion cell with porcine skin was used to investigate the most effective combination of these physical forces. UABs coated with ZnO 2 nanoparticles and constructed in an array configuration were developed in this study. The results showed that a combination of laser (0.7 W), electroporation (100 V/cm 2 ), and reverse iontophoresis (0.5 mA/cm 2 ) was the most effective and significantly enhanced transdermal extraction of uric acid. A custom-designed UAB coated with ZnO 2 nanoparticles and constructed in a 1×3 array configuration (UAB-1×3-ZnO 2 ) demonstrated enough sensitivity (9.4 μA/mM) for quantifying uric acid extracted by the combined physical forces of laser, electroporation, and RI. A good linear relationship ( R 2 =0.894) was demonstrated to exist between the concentration of uric acid (0.2–0.8 mM) inside the diffusion cell and the current response of the UAB-1×3-ZnO 2 . In conclusion, a new approach to noninvasive transdermal extraction and quantification of uric acid has been established.

Extraction of Iron from the Rabbit Anterior Chamber with Reverse Iontophoresis

“…RI has been successfully employed in the GlucoWatch Biographer to continuously monitor blood glucose [ 24 , 25 ]. Also RI has been investigated for monitoring and extracting endogenous metabolites, such as urea [ 23 , 26 ], amino acids [ 27 , 28 ], prostaglandin E 2 [ 29 ], uric acid [ 30 ], L-lactic acid [ 31 ], or drugs (gabapentin [ 32 ], amikacin [ 33 ], and lithium [ 34 ]). It has been demonstrated that RI can be used to extract iron from cornea in in vitro studies [ 35 ].…”