A new approach for the classification of event related potentials for valid and paradox reasoning

Papaodysseus, C.; Zannos, Solomon; Giannopoulos, Fotios; Arabadjis, Dimitris; Rousopoulos, P.; Stachtea, Xanthi; Papageorgiou, Charalabos

doi:10.1016/j.bbe.2015.12.004

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The unique reasoning ability of the human brain has been the focus of studies within philosophy and psychology for over 50 years ( Monti and Osherson, 2011 ). The process of reasoning is one of the advanced human intellectual abilities and is therefore a hallmark of higher cognition ( Rodriguez-Moreno and Hirsch, 2009 ; Papaodysseus et al, 2016 ). Aristotle was the first philosopher who attempted to analyze logical reasoning by means of deduction (Aristotle, Prior Analytics ; Cooke and Tredennick, 1938 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since Epimenides was Cretan, his words were true and so on. Many scientific fields as Philosophy and Mathematics have been intrigued by Zeno’s paradoxes, and this way of thinking was characterized as a form of cognitive illusion ( Papaodysseus et al, 2016 ). Indeed, it has been remarked that such cognitive illusions breach the norms of rational thought only in the context of philosophical speculation ( Atmanspacher et al, 2004 ; Papageorgiou et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Paradoxical Reasoning: An fMRI Study

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Paradoxes are a special form of reasoning leading to absurd inferences in contrast to logical reasoning that is used to reach valid conclusions. A functional MRI (fMRI) study was conducted to investigate the neural substrates of paradoxical and deductive reasoning. Twenty-four healthy participants were scanned using fMRI, while they engaged in reasoning tasks based on arguments, which were either Zeno’s like paradoxes (paradoxical reasoning) or Aristotelian arguments (deductive reasoning). Clusters of significant activation for paradoxical reasoning were located in bilateral inferior frontal and middle temporal gyrus. Clusters of significant activation for deductive reasoning were located in bilateral superior and inferior parietal lobe, precuneus, and inferior frontal gyrus. These results confirmed that different brain activation patterns are engaged for paradoxical vs. deductive reasoning providing a basis for future studies on human physiological as well as pathological reasoning.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradoxical Reasoning: An fMRI Study

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The contribution of this paper is that it sheds light in how critical aspects of reasoning process, related to attention, perception and cognitive behavior, differs between the aforementioned groups of participants. The difference in EEG signals in the case of healthy participants exposed in valid and paradoxes syllogisms has been analyzed in case of a single subject in the work of Papaodysseus et al. (2016) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of this paper is the detection of differences in the response of subjects in the control, ASD and ADHD groups, when they are tested in cognitive tasks and conditions within the frame of the Aristotelian syllogisms (described in section 2 ). The Aristotelian type of valid and paradox reasoning was applied in a new method of classification of event related potential (ERPs) ( Papaodysseus et al., 2010 ). In the present work, we follow the same ‘way of thinking’, regarding the cognitive loads that are ‘imposed’ on the subjects under examination, but now focusing on the differences in the EEGs of ASD, ADHD and normal groups, in the cases of valid and invalid types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity analysis of the brain activity in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) due to cognitive loads/demands induced by Aristotle's type of syllogism/reasoning. A Power Spectral Density and multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis

Papaioannou¹,

Kalantzi²,

Papageorgiou³

et al. 2021

Heliyon

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective We aim to investigate whether EEG dynamics differ in adults with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders), ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), compared with healthy subjects during the performance of an innovative cognitive task: Aristotle's valid and invalid syllogisms. We follow the Neuroanatomical differences type of criterion in assessing the results of our study in supporting or not the dual-process theory of Kahneman, 2011) (Systems I & II of thinking). Method We recorded EEGs from 14 scalp electrodes in 30 adults with ADHD, 30 with ASD and 24 healthy, normal subjects. The subjects were exposed in a set of innovative cognitive tasks (inducing varying cognitive loads), the Aristotle's four types of syllogism mentioned above. The multiscale entropy (MSE), a nonlinear information-theoretic measure or tool was computed to extract features that quantify the complexity of the EEG. Results The dynamics of the curves of the grand average of MSE values of the ADHD and ASD participants was significantly in higher levels for the majority of time scales, than the healthy subjects over a number of brain regions (electrodes locations), during the performance of both valid and invalid types of syllogism. This result is seemingly not in accordance of the broadly accepted ‘theory’ of complexity loss in ‘pathological’ subjects, but actually this is not the case as explained in the text. ADHD subjects are engaged in System II of thinking, for both Valid and Invalid syllogism, ASD and Control in System I for valid and invalid syllogism, respectively. A surprising and ‘provocative’ result of this paper, as shown in the next sections, is that the Complexity-variability of ASD and ADHD subjects, when they face Aristotle's types of syllogisms, is higher than that of the control subjects. An explanation is suggested as described in the text. Also, in the case of invalid type of Aristotelian syllogisms, the linguistic and visuo-spatial systems are both engaged ONLY in the temporal and occipital regions of the brain, respectively, of ADHD subjects. In the case of valid type, both above systems are engaged in the temporal and occipital regions of the brain, respectively, of both ASD and ADHD subjects, while in the control subjects only the visuo-spatial type is engaged (Goel et al., 2000; Knauff, 2007). Conclusion Based on the results of the analysis described in this work, the differences in the EEG complexity between the three groups of participants lead to the conclusion that cortical information processing is changed in ASD and ADHD adults, therefore their level of cortical activation may be insufficient to meet the peculiar cognitive demand of Aristotle's reasoning. Significance The present paper suggest that MSE, is a powerful and efficient nonlinear measure in detecting neural dysfunctions in adults with ASD and ADHD characteristics, when they are called on...

show abstract

“…This is a current, still open, and challenging research question, aiming at shedding light on the fundamental operation of reasoning, in its two extreme conditions. A work related to the study of EEG activity in different brain regions in the case of healthy participants exposed in valid and paradoxes syllogisms has been analyzed in the work of our team [ 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Performance of ASD and ADHD Subjects Facing Cognitive Loads in an Innovative Reasoning Experiment

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We aim to investigate whether EEG dynamics differ in adults with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders) and ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) compared with healthy subjects during the performance of an innovative cognitive task, Aristotle’s valid and invalid syllogisms, and how these differences correlate with brain regions and behavioral data for each subject. We recorded EEGs from 14 scalp electrodes (channels) in 21 adults with ADHD, 21 with ASD, and 21 healthy, normal subjects. The subjects were exposed in a set of innovative cognitive tasks (inducing varying cognitive loads), Aristotle’s two types of syllogism mentioned above. A set of 39 questions were given to participants related to valid–invalid syllogisms as well as a separate set of questionnaires, in order to collect a number of demographic and behavioral data, with the aim of detecting shared information with values of a feature extracted from EEG, the multiscale entropy (MSE), in the 14 channels (‘brain regions’). MSE, a nonlinear information-theoretic measure of complexity, was computed to extract a feature that quantifies the complexity of the EEG. Behavior-Partial Least Squares Correlation, PLSC, is the method to detect the correlation between two sets of data, brain, and behavioral measures. -PLSC, a variant of PLSC, was applied to build a functional connectivity of the brain regions involved in the reasoning tasks. Graph-theoretic measures were used to quantify the complexity of the functional networks. Based on the results of the analysis described in this work, a mixed 14 × 2 × 3 ANOVA showed significant main effects of group factor and brain region* syllogism factor, as well as a significant brain region* group interaction. There are significant differences between the means of MSE (complexity) values at the 14 channels of the members of the ‘pathological’ groups of participants, i.e., between ASD and ADHD, while the difference in means of MSE between both ASD and ADHD and that of the control group is not significant. In conclusion, the valid–invalid type of syllogism generates significantly different complexity values, MSE, between ASD and ADHD. The complexity of activated brain regions of ASD participants increased significantly when switching from a valid to an invalid syllogism, indicating the need for more resources to ‘face’ the task escalating difficulty in ASD subjects. This increase is not so evident in both ADHD and control. Statistically significant differences were found also in the behavioral response of ASD and ADHD, compared with those of control subjects, based on the principal brain and behavior saliences extracted by PLSC. Specifically, two behavioral measures, the emotional state and the degree of confidence of participants in answering questions in Aristotle’s valid–invalid syllogisms, and one demographic variable, age, statistically and significantly discriminate the three groups’ ASD. The seed-PLC generated functional connectivity networks for ASD, ADHD, and control, were ‘projected’ on the regions of the Default Mode Network (DMN), the ‘reference’ connectivity, of which the structural changes were found significant in distinguishing the three groups. The contribution of this work lies in the examination of the relationship between brain activity and behavioral responses of healthy and ‘pathological’ participants in the case of cognitive reasoning of the type of Aristotle’s valid and invalid syllogisms, using PLSC, a machine learning approach combined with MSE, a nonlinear method of extracting a feature based on EEGs that captures a broad spectrum of EEGs linear and nonlinear characteristics. The results seem promising in adopting this type of reasoning, in the future, after further enhancements and experimental tests, as a supplementary instrument towards examining the differences in brain activity and behavioral responses of ASD and ADHD patients. The application of the combination of these two methods, after further elaboration and testing as new and complementary to the existing ones, may be considered as a tool of analysis in helping detecting more effectively such types of disorders.

show abstract

A new approach for the classification of event related potentials for valid and paradox reasoning

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Paradoxical Reasoning: An fMRI Study

Paradoxical Reasoning: An fMRI Study

Complexity analysis of the brain activity in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) due to cognitive loads/demands induced by Aristotle's type of syllogism/reasoning. A Power Spectral Density and multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis

Differences in Performance of ASD and ADHD Subjects Facing Cognitive Loads in an Innovative Reasoning Experiment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About